3911 lines
130 KiB
Python
3911 lines
130 KiB
Python
#
|
|
# The Python Imaging Library.
|
|
# $Id$
|
|
#
|
|
# the Image class wrapper
|
|
#
|
|
# partial release history:
|
|
# 1995-09-09 fl Created
|
|
# 1996-03-11 fl PIL release 0.0 (proof of concept)
|
|
# 1996-04-30 fl PIL release 0.1b1
|
|
# 1999-07-28 fl PIL release 1.0 final
|
|
# 2000-06-07 fl PIL release 1.1
|
|
# 2000-10-20 fl PIL release 1.1.1
|
|
# 2001-05-07 fl PIL release 1.1.2
|
|
# 2002-03-15 fl PIL release 1.1.3
|
|
# 2003-05-10 fl PIL release 1.1.4
|
|
# 2005-03-28 fl PIL release 1.1.5
|
|
# 2006-12-02 fl PIL release 1.1.6
|
|
# 2009-11-15 fl PIL release 1.1.7
|
|
#
|
|
# Copyright (c) 1997-2009 by Secret Labs AB. All rights reserved.
|
|
# Copyright (c) 1995-2009 by Fredrik Lundh.
|
|
#
|
|
# See the README file for information on usage and redistribution.
|
|
#
|
|
|
|
import atexit
|
|
import builtins
|
|
import io
|
|
import logging
|
|
import math
|
|
import os
|
|
import re
|
|
import struct
|
|
import sys
|
|
import tempfile
|
|
import warnings
|
|
from collections.abc import Callable, MutableMapping
|
|
from enum import IntEnum
|
|
from pathlib import Path
|
|
|
|
try:
|
|
import defusedxml.ElementTree as ElementTree
|
|
except ImportError:
|
|
ElementTree = None
|
|
|
|
# VERSION was removed in Pillow 6.0.0.
|
|
# PILLOW_VERSION was removed in Pillow 9.0.0.
|
|
# Use __version__ instead.
|
|
from . import (
|
|
ExifTags,
|
|
ImageMode,
|
|
TiffTags,
|
|
UnidentifiedImageError,
|
|
__version__,
|
|
_plugins,
|
|
)
|
|
from ._binary import i32le, o32be, o32le
|
|
from ._util import DeferredError, is_path
|
|
|
|
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
|
|
|
|
|
|
class DecompressionBombWarning(RuntimeWarning):
|
|
pass
|
|
|
|
|
|
class DecompressionBombError(Exception):
|
|
pass
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Limit to around a quarter gigabyte for a 24-bit (3 bpp) image
|
|
MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS = int(1024 * 1024 * 1024 // 4 // 3)
|
|
|
|
|
|
try:
|
|
# If the _imaging C module is not present, Pillow will not load.
|
|
# Note that other modules should not refer to _imaging directly;
|
|
# import Image and use the Image.core variable instead.
|
|
# Also note that Image.core is not a publicly documented interface,
|
|
# and should be considered private and subject to change.
|
|
from . import _imaging as core
|
|
|
|
if __version__ != getattr(core, "PILLOW_VERSION", None):
|
|
msg = (
|
|
"The _imaging extension was built for another version of Pillow or PIL:\n"
|
|
f"Core version: {getattr(core, 'PILLOW_VERSION', None)}\n"
|
|
f"Pillow version: {__version__}"
|
|
)
|
|
raise ImportError(msg)
|
|
|
|
except ImportError as v:
|
|
core = DeferredError(ImportError("The _imaging C module is not installed."))
|
|
# Explanations for ways that we know we might have an import error
|
|
if str(v).startswith("Module use of python"):
|
|
# The _imaging C module is present, but not compiled for
|
|
# the right version (windows only). Print a warning, if
|
|
# possible.
|
|
warnings.warn(
|
|
"The _imaging extension was built for another version of Python.",
|
|
RuntimeWarning,
|
|
)
|
|
elif str(v).startswith("The _imaging extension"):
|
|
warnings.warn(str(v), RuntimeWarning)
|
|
# Fail here anyway. Don't let people run with a mostly broken Pillow.
|
|
# see docs/porting.rst
|
|
raise
|
|
|
|
|
|
USE_CFFI_ACCESS = False
|
|
try:
|
|
import cffi
|
|
except ImportError:
|
|
cffi = None
|
|
|
|
|
|
def isImageType(t):
|
|
"""
|
|
Checks if an object is an image object.
|
|
|
|
.. warning::
|
|
|
|
This function is for internal use only.
|
|
|
|
:param t: object to check if it's an image
|
|
:returns: True if the object is an image
|
|
"""
|
|
return hasattr(t, "im")
|
|
|
|
|
|
#
|
|
# Constants
|
|
|
|
|
|
# transpose
|
|
class Transpose(IntEnum):
|
|
FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT = 0
|
|
FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM = 1
|
|
ROTATE_90 = 2
|
|
ROTATE_180 = 3
|
|
ROTATE_270 = 4
|
|
TRANSPOSE = 5
|
|
TRANSVERSE = 6
|
|
|
|
|
|
# transforms (also defined in Imaging.h)
|
|
class Transform(IntEnum):
|
|
AFFINE = 0
|
|
EXTENT = 1
|
|
PERSPECTIVE = 2
|
|
QUAD = 3
|
|
MESH = 4
|
|
|
|
|
|
# resampling filters (also defined in Imaging.h)
|
|
class Resampling(IntEnum):
|
|
NEAREST = 0
|
|
BOX = 4
|
|
BILINEAR = 2
|
|
HAMMING = 5
|
|
BICUBIC = 3
|
|
LANCZOS = 1
|
|
|
|
|
|
_filters_support = {
|
|
Resampling.BOX: 0.5,
|
|
Resampling.BILINEAR: 1.0,
|
|
Resampling.HAMMING: 1.0,
|
|
Resampling.BICUBIC: 2.0,
|
|
Resampling.LANCZOS: 3.0,
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
# dithers
|
|
class Dither(IntEnum):
|
|
NONE = 0
|
|
ORDERED = 1 # Not yet implemented
|
|
RASTERIZE = 2 # Not yet implemented
|
|
FLOYDSTEINBERG = 3 # default
|
|
|
|
|
|
# palettes/quantizers
|
|
class Palette(IntEnum):
|
|
WEB = 0
|
|
ADAPTIVE = 1
|
|
|
|
|
|
class Quantize(IntEnum):
|
|
MEDIANCUT = 0
|
|
MAXCOVERAGE = 1
|
|
FASTOCTREE = 2
|
|
LIBIMAGEQUANT = 3
|
|
|
|
|
|
module = sys.modules[__name__]
|
|
for enum in (Transpose, Transform, Resampling, Dither, Palette, Quantize):
|
|
for item in enum:
|
|
setattr(module, item.name, item.value)
|
|
|
|
|
|
if hasattr(core, "DEFAULT_STRATEGY"):
|
|
DEFAULT_STRATEGY = core.DEFAULT_STRATEGY
|
|
FILTERED = core.FILTERED
|
|
HUFFMAN_ONLY = core.HUFFMAN_ONLY
|
|
RLE = core.RLE
|
|
FIXED = core.FIXED
|
|
|
|
|
|
# --------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
# Registries
|
|
|
|
ID = []
|
|
OPEN = {}
|
|
MIME = {}
|
|
SAVE = {}
|
|
SAVE_ALL = {}
|
|
EXTENSION = {}
|
|
DECODERS = {}
|
|
ENCODERS = {}
|
|
|
|
# --------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
# Modes
|
|
|
|
_ENDIAN = "<" if sys.byteorder == "little" else ">"
|
|
|
|
|
|
def _conv_type_shape(im):
|
|
m = ImageMode.getmode(im.mode)
|
|
shape = (im.height, im.width)
|
|
extra = len(m.bands)
|
|
if extra != 1:
|
|
shape += (extra,)
|
|
return shape, m.typestr
|
|
|
|
|
|
MODES = ["1", "CMYK", "F", "HSV", "I", "L", "LAB", "P", "RGB", "RGBA", "RGBX", "YCbCr"]
|
|
|
|
# raw modes that may be memory mapped. NOTE: if you change this, you
|
|
# may have to modify the stride calculation in map.c too!
|
|
_MAPMODES = ("L", "P", "RGBX", "RGBA", "CMYK", "I;16", "I;16L", "I;16B")
|
|
|
|
|
|
def getmodebase(mode):
|
|
"""
|
|
Gets the "base" mode for given mode. This function returns "L" for
|
|
images that contain grayscale data, and "RGB" for images that
|
|
contain color data.
|
|
|
|
:param mode: Input mode.
|
|
:returns: "L" or "RGB".
|
|
:exception KeyError: If the input mode was not a standard mode.
|
|
"""
|
|
return ImageMode.getmode(mode).basemode
|
|
|
|
|
|
def getmodetype(mode):
|
|
"""
|
|
Gets the storage type mode. Given a mode, this function returns a
|
|
single-layer mode suitable for storing individual bands.
|
|
|
|
:param mode: Input mode.
|
|
:returns: "L", "I", or "F".
|
|
:exception KeyError: If the input mode was not a standard mode.
|
|
"""
|
|
return ImageMode.getmode(mode).basetype
|
|
|
|
|
|
def getmodebandnames(mode):
|
|
"""
|
|
Gets a list of individual band names. Given a mode, this function returns
|
|
a tuple containing the names of individual bands (use
|
|
:py:method:`~PIL.Image.getmodetype` to get the mode used to store each
|
|
individual band.
|
|
|
|
:param mode: Input mode.
|
|
:returns: A tuple containing band names. The length of the tuple
|
|
gives the number of bands in an image of the given mode.
|
|
:exception KeyError: If the input mode was not a standard mode.
|
|
"""
|
|
return ImageMode.getmode(mode).bands
|
|
|
|
|
|
def getmodebands(mode):
|
|
"""
|
|
Gets the number of individual bands for this mode.
|
|
|
|
:param mode: Input mode.
|
|
:returns: The number of bands in this mode.
|
|
:exception KeyError: If the input mode was not a standard mode.
|
|
"""
|
|
return len(ImageMode.getmode(mode).bands)
|
|
|
|
|
|
# --------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
# Helpers
|
|
|
|
_initialized = 0
|
|
|
|
|
|
def preinit():
|
|
"""Explicitly load standard file format drivers."""
|
|
|
|
global _initialized
|
|
if _initialized >= 1:
|
|
return
|
|
|
|
try:
|
|
from . import BmpImagePlugin
|
|
|
|
assert BmpImagePlugin
|
|
except ImportError:
|
|
pass
|
|
try:
|
|
from . import GifImagePlugin
|
|
|
|
assert GifImagePlugin
|
|
except ImportError:
|
|
pass
|
|
try:
|
|
from . import JpegImagePlugin
|
|
|
|
assert JpegImagePlugin
|
|
except ImportError:
|
|
pass
|
|
try:
|
|
from . import PpmImagePlugin
|
|
|
|
assert PpmImagePlugin
|
|
except ImportError:
|
|
pass
|
|
try:
|
|
from . import PngImagePlugin
|
|
|
|
assert PngImagePlugin
|
|
except ImportError:
|
|
pass
|
|
# try:
|
|
# import TiffImagePlugin
|
|
# assert TiffImagePlugin
|
|
# except ImportError:
|
|
# pass
|
|
|
|
_initialized = 1
|
|
|
|
|
|
def init():
|
|
"""
|
|
Explicitly initializes the Python Imaging Library. This function
|
|
loads all available file format drivers.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
global _initialized
|
|
if _initialized >= 2:
|
|
return 0
|
|
|
|
for plugin in _plugins:
|
|
try:
|
|
logger.debug("Importing %s", plugin)
|
|
__import__(f"PIL.{plugin}", globals(), locals(), [])
|
|
except ImportError as e:
|
|
logger.debug("Image: failed to import %s: %s", plugin, e)
|
|
|
|
if OPEN or SAVE:
|
|
_initialized = 2
|
|
return 1
|
|
|
|
|
|
# --------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
# Codec factories (used by tobytes/frombytes and ImageFile.load)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def _getdecoder(mode, decoder_name, args, extra=()):
|
|
# tweak arguments
|
|
if args is None:
|
|
args = ()
|
|
elif not isinstance(args, tuple):
|
|
args = (args,)
|
|
|
|
try:
|
|
decoder = DECODERS[decoder_name]
|
|
except KeyError:
|
|
pass
|
|
else:
|
|
return decoder(mode, *args + extra)
|
|
|
|
try:
|
|
# get decoder
|
|
decoder = getattr(core, decoder_name + "_decoder")
|
|
except AttributeError as e:
|
|
msg = f"decoder {decoder_name} not available"
|
|
raise OSError(msg) from e
|
|
return decoder(mode, *args + extra)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def _getencoder(mode, encoder_name, args, extra=()):
|
|
# tweak arguments
|
|
if args is None:
|
|
args = ()
|
|
elif not isinstance(args, tuple):
|
|
args = (args,)
|
|
|
|
try:
|
|
encoder = ENCODERS[encoder_name]
|
|
except KeyError:
|
|
pass
|
|
else:
|
|
return encoder(mode, *args + extra)
|
|
|
|
try:
|
|
# get encoder
|
|
encoder = getattr(core, encoder_name + "_encoder")
|
|
except AttributeError as e:
|
|
msg = f"encoder {encoder_name} not available"
|
|
raise OSError(msg) from e
|
|
return encoder(mode, *args + extra)
|
|
|
|
|
|
# --------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
# Simple expression analyzer
|
|
|
|
|
|
class _E:
|
|
def __init__(self, scale, offset):
|
|
self.scale = scale
|
|
self.offset = offset
|
|
|
|
def __neg__(self):
|
|
return _E(-self.scale, -self.offset)
|
|
|
|
def __add__(self, other):
|
|
if isinstance(other, _E):
|
|
return _E(self.scale + other.scale, self.offset + other.offset)
|
|
return _E(self.scale, self.offset + other)
|
|
|
|
__radd__ = __add__
|
|
|
|
def __sub__(self, other):
|
|
return self + -other
|
|
|
|
def __rsub__(self, other):
|
|
return other + -self
|
|
|
|
def __mul__(self, other):
|
|
if isinstance(other, _E):
|
|
return NotImplemented
|
|
return _E(self.scale * other, self.offset * other)
|
|
|
|
__rmul__ = __mul__
|
|
|
|
def __truediv__(self, other):
|
|
if isinstance(other, _E):
|
|
return NotImplemented
|
|
return _E(self.scale / other, self.offset / other)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def _getscaleoffset(expr):
|
|
a = expr(_E(1, 0))
|
|
return (a.scale, a.offset) if isinstance(a, _E) else (0, a)
|
|
|
|
|
|
# --------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
# Implementation wrapper
|
|
|
|
|
|
class Image:
|
|
"""
|
|
This class represents an image object. To create
|
|
:py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` objects, use the appropriate factory
|
|
functions. There's hardly ever any reason to call the Image constructor
|
|
directly.
|
|
|
|
* :py:func:`~PIL.Image.open`
|
|
* :py:func:`~PIL.Image.new`
|
|
* :py:func:`~PIL.Image.frombytes`
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
format = None
|
|
format_description = None
|
|
_close_exclusive_fp_after_loading = True
|
|
|
|
def __init__(self):
|
|
# FIXME: take "new" parameters / other image?
|
|
# FIXME: turn mode and size into delegating properties?
|
|
self.im = None
|
|
self.mode = ""
|
|
self._size = (0, 0)
|
|
self.palette = None
|
|
self.info = {}
|
|
self.readonly = 0
|
|
self.pyaccess = None
|
|
self._exif = None
|
|
|
|
@property
|
|
def width(self):
|
|
return self.size[0]
|
|
|
|
@property
|
|
def height(self):
|
|
return self.size[1]
|
|
|
|
@property
|
|
def size(self):
|
|
return self._size
|
|
|
|
def _new(self, im):
|
|
new = Image()
|
|
new.im = im
|
|
new.mode = im.mode
|
|
new._size = im.size
|
|
if im.mode in ("P", "PA"):
|
|
if self.palette:
|
|
new.palette = self.palette.copy()
|
|
else:
|
|
from . import ImagePalette
|
|
|
|
new.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette()
|
|
new.info = self.info.copy()
|
|
return new
|
|
|
|
# Context manager support
|
|
def __enter__(self):
|
|
return self
|
|
|
|
def __exit__(self, *args):
|
|
if hasattr(self, "fp") and getattr(self, "_exclusive_fp", False):
|
|
if getattr(self, "_fp", False):
|
|
if self._fp != self.fp:
|
|
self._fp.close()
|
|
self._fp = DeferredError(ValueError("Operation on closed image"))
|
|
if self.fp:
|
|
self.fp.close()
|
|
self.fp = None
|
|
|
|
def close(self):
|
|
"""
|
|
Closes the file pointer, if possible.
|
|
|
|
This operation will destroy the image core and release its memory.
|
|
The image data will be unusable afterward.
|
|
|
|
This function is required to close images that have multiple frames or
|
|
have not had their file read and closed by the
|
|
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.load` method. See :ref:`file-handling` for
|
|
more information.
|
|
"""
|
|
try:
|
|
if getattr(self, "_fp", False):
|
|
if self._fp != self.fp:
|
|
self._fp.close()
|
|
self._fp = DeferredError(ValueError("Operation on closed image"))
|
|
if self.fp:
|
|
self.fp.close()
|
|
self.fp = None
|
|
except Exception as msg:
|
|
logger.debug("Error closing: %s", msg)
|
|
|
|
if getattr(self, "map", None):
|
|
self.map = None
|
|
|
|
# Instead of simply setting to None, we're setting up a
|
|
# deferred error that will better explain that the core image
|
|
# object is gone.
|
|
self.im = DeferredError(ValueError("Operation on closed image"))
|
|
|
|
def _copy(self):
|
|
self.load()
|
|
self.im = self.im.copy()
|
|
self.pyaccess = None
|
|
self.readonly = 0
|
|
|
|
def _ensure_mutable(self):
|
|
if self.readonly:
|
|
self._copy()
|
|
else:
|
|
self.load()
|
|
|
|
def _dump(self, file=None, format=None, **options):
|
|
suffix = ""
|
|
if format:
|
|
suffix = "." + format
|
|
|
|
if not file:
|
|
f, filename = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix)
|
|
os.close(f)
|
|
else:
|
|
filename = file
|
|
if not filename.endswith(suffix):
|
|
filename = filename + suffix
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
|
|
if not format or format == "PPM":
|
|
self.im.save_ppm(filename)
|
|
else:
|
|
self.save(filename, format, **options)
|
|
|
|
return filename
|
|
|
|
def __eq__(self, other):
|
|
return (
|
|
self.__class__ is other.__class__
|
|
and self.mode == other.mode
|
|
and self.size == other.size
|
|
and self.info == other.info
|
|
and self.getpalette() == other.getpalette()
|
|
and self.tobytes() == other.tobytes()
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
def __repr__(self):
|
|
return "<%s.%s image mode=%s size=%dx%d at 0x%X>" % (
|
|
self.__class__.__module__,
|
|
self.__class__.__name__,
|
|
self.mode,
|
|
self.size[0],
|
|
self.size[1],
|
|
id(self),
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
def _repr_pretty_(self, p, cycle):
|
|
"""IPython plain text display support"""
|
|
|
|
# Same as __repr__ but without unpredictable id(self),
|
|
# to keep Jupyter notebook `text/plain` output stable.
|
|
p.text(
|
|
"<%s.%s image mode=%s size=%dx%d>"
|
|
% (
|
|
self.__class__.__module__,
|
|
self.__class__.__name__,
|
|
self.mode,
|
|
self.size[0],
|
|
self.size[1],
|
|
)
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
def _repr_image(self, image_format, **kwargs):
|
|
"""Helper function for iPython display hook.
|
|
|
|
:param image_format: Image format.
|
|
:returns: image as bytes, saved into the given format.
|
|
"""
|
|
b = io.BytesIO()
|
|
try:
|
|
self.save(b, image_format, **kwargs)
|
|
except Exception as e:
|
|
msg = f"Could not save to {image_format} for display"
|
|
raise ValueError(msg) from e
|
|
return b.getvalue()
|
|
|
|
def _repr_png_(self):
|
|
"""iPython display hook support for PNG format.
|
|
|
|
:returns: PNG version of the image as bytes
|
|
"""
|
|
return self._repr_image("PNG", compress_level=1)
|
|
|
|
def _repr_jpeg_(self):
|
|
"""iPython display hook support for JPEG format.
|
|
|
|
:returns: JPEG version of the image as bytes
|
|
"""
|
|
return self._repr_image("JPEG")
|
|
|
|
@property
|
|
def __array_interface__(self):
|
|
# numpy array interface support
|
|
new = {"version": 3}
|
|
try:
|
|
if self.mode == "1":
|
|
# Binary images need to be extended from bits to bytes
|
|
# See: https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/350
|
|
new["data"] = self.tobytes("raw", "L")
|
|
else:
|
|
new["data"] = self.tobytes()
|
|
except Exception as e:
|
|
if not isinstance(e, (MemoryError, RecursionError)):
|
|
try:
|
|
import numpy
|
|
from packaging.version import parse as parse_version
|
|
except ImportError:
|
|
pass
|
|
else:
|
|
if parse_version(numpy.__version__) < parse_version("1.23"):
|
|
warnings.warn(e)
|
|
raise
|
|
new["shape"], new["typestr"] = _conv_type_shape(self)
|
|
return new
|
|
|
|
def __getstate__(self):
|
|
im_data = self.tobytes() # load image first
|
|
return [self.info, self.mode, self.size, self.getpalette(), im_data]
|
|
|
|
def __setstate__(self, state):
|
|
Image.__init__(self)
|
|
info, mode, size, palette, data = state
|
|
self.info = info
|
|
self.mode = mode
|
|
self._size = size
|
|
self.im = core.new(mode, size)
|
|
if mode in ("L", "LA", "P", "PA") and palette:
|
|
self.putpalette(palette)
|
|
self.frombytes(data)
|
|
|
|
def tobytes(self, encoder_name="raw", *args):
|
|
"""
|
|
Return image as a bytes object.
|
|
|
|
.. warning::
|
|
|
|
This method returns the raw image data from the internal
|
|
storage. For compressed image data (e.g. PNG, JPEG) use
|
|
:meth:`~.save`, with a BytesIO parameter for in-memory
|
|
data.
|
|
|
|
:param encoder_name: What encoder to use. The default is to
|
|
use the standard "raw" encoder.
|
|
|
|
A list of C encoders can be seen under
|
|
codecs section of the function array in
|
|
:file:`_imaging.c`. Python encoders are
|
|
registered within the relevant plugins.
|
|
:param args: Extra arguments to the encoder.
|
|
:returns: A :py:class:`bytes` object.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
# may pass tuple instead of argument list
|
|
if len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], tuple):
|
|
args = args[0]
|
|
|
|
if encoder_name == "raw" and args == ():
|
|
args = self.mode
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
|
|
if self.width == 0 or self.height == 0:
|
|
return b""
|
|
|
|
# unpack data
|
|
e = _getencoder(self.mode, encoder_name, args)
|
|
e.setimage(self.im)
|
|
|
|
bufsize = max(65536, self.size[0] * 4) # see RawEncode.c
|
|
|
|
output = []
|
|
while True:
|
|
bytes_consumed, errcode, data = e.encode(bufsize)
|
|
output.append(data)
|
|
if errcode:
|
|
break
|
|
if errcode < 0:
|
|
msg = f"encoder error {errcode} in tobytes"
|
|
raise RuntimeError(msg)
|
|
|
|
return b"".join(output)
|
|
|
|
def tobitmap(self, name="image"):
|
|
"""
|
|
Returns the image converted to an X11 bitmap.
|
|
|
|
.. note:: This method only works for mode "1" images.
|
|
|
|
:param name: The name prefix to use for the bitmap variables.
|
|
:returns: A string containing an X11 bitmap.
|
|
:raises ValueError: If the mode is not "1"
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
if self.mode != "1":
|
|
msg = "not a bitmap"
|
|
raise ValueError(msg)
|
|
data = self.tobytes("xbm")
|
|
return b"".join(
|
|
[
|
|
f"#define {name}_width {self.size[0]}\n".encode("ascii"),
|
|
f"#define {name}_height {self.size[1]}\n".encode("ascii"),
|
|
f"static char {name}_bits[] = {{\n".encode("ascii"),
|
|
data,
|
|
b"};",
|
|
]
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
def frombytes(self, data, decoder_name="raw", *args):
|
|
"""
|
|
Loads this image with pixel data from a bytes object.
|
|
|
|
This method is similar to the :py:func:`~PIL.Image.frombytes` function,
|
|
but loads data into this image instead of creating a new image object.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
# may pass tuple instead of argument list
|
|
if len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], tuple):
|
|
args = args[0]
|
|
|
|
# default format
|
|
if decoder_name == "raw" and args == ():
|
|
args = self.mode
|
|
|
|
# unpack data
|
|
d = _getdecoder(self.mode, decoder_name, args)
|
|
d.setimage(self.im)
|
|
s = d.decode(data)
|
|
|
|
if s[0] >= 0:
|
|
msg = "not enough image data"
|
|
raise ValueError(msg)
|
|
if s[1] != 0:
|
|
msg = "cannot decode image data"
|
|
raise ValueError(msg)
|
|
|
|
def load(self):
|
|
"""
|
|
Allocates storage for the image and loads the pixel data. In
|
|
normal cases, you don't need to call this method, since the
|
|
Image class automatically loads an opened image when it is
|
|
accessed for the first time.
|
|
|
|
If the file associated with the image was opened by Pillow, then this
|
|
method will close it. The exception to this is if the image has
|
|
multiple frames, in which case the file will be left open for seek
|
|
operations. See :ref:`file-handling` for more information.
|
|
|
|
:returns: An image access object.
|
|
:rtype: :ref:`PixelAccess` or :py:class:`PIL.PyAccess`
|
|
"""
|
|
if self.im is not None and self.palette and self.palette.dirty:
|
|
# realize palette
|
|
mode, arr = self.palette.getdata()
|
|
self.im.putpalette(mode, arr)
|
|
self.palette.dirty = 0
|
|
self.palette.rawmode = None
|
|
if "transparency" in self.info and mode in ("LA", "PA"):
|
|
if isinstance(self.info["transparency"], int):
|
|
self.im.putpalettealpha(self.info["transparency"], 0)
|
|
else:
|
|
self.im.putpalettealphas(self.info["transparency"])
|
|
self.palette.mode = "RGBA"
|
|
else:
|
|
palette_mode = "RGBA" if mode.startswith("RGBA") else "RGB"
|
|
self.palette.mode = palette_mode
|
|
self.palette.palette = self.im.getpalette(palette_mode, palette_mode)
|
|
|
|
if self.im is not None:
|
|
if cffi and USE_CFFI_ACCESS:
|
|
if self.pyaccess:
|
|
return self.pyaccess
|
|
from . import PyAccess
|
|
|
|
self.pyaccess = PyAccess.new(self, self.readonly)
|
|
if self.pyaccess:
|
|
return self.pyaccess
|
|
return self.im.pixel_access(self.readonly)
|
|
|
|
def verify(self):
|
|
"""
|
|
Verifies the contents of a file. For data read from a file, this
|
|
method attempts to determine if the file is broken, without
|
|
actually decoding the image data. If this method finds any
|
|
problems, it raises suitable exceptions. If you need to load
|
|
the image after using this method, you must reopen the image
|
|
file.
|
|
"""
|
|
pass
|
|
|
|
def convert(
|
|
self, mode=None, matrix=None, dither=None, palette=Palette.WEB, colors=256
|
|
):
|
|
"""
|
|
Returns a converted copy of this image. For the "P" mode, this
|
|
method translates pixels through the palette. If mode is
|
|
omitted, a mode is chosen so that all information in the image
|
|
and the palette can be represented without a palette.
|
|
|
|
The current version supports all possible conversions between
|
|
"L", "RGB" and "CMYK". The ``matrix`` argument only supports "L"
|
|
and "RGB".
|
|
|
|
When translating a color image to greyscale (mode "L"),
|
|
the library uses the ITU-R 601-2 luma transform::
|
|
|
|
L = R * 299/1000 + G * 587/1000 + B * 114/1000
|
|
|
|
The default method of converting a greyscale ("L") or "RGB"
|
|
image into a bilevel (mode "1") image uses Floyd-Steinberg
|
|
dither to approximate the original image luminosity levels. If
|
|
dither is ``None``, all values larger than 127 are set to 255 (white),
|
|
all other values to 0 (black). To use other thresholds, use the
|
|
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.point` method.
|
|
|
|
When converting from "RGBA" to "P" without a ``matrix`` argument,
|
|
this passes the operation to :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.quantize`,
|
|
and ``dither`` and ``palette`` are ignored.
|
|
|
|
When converting from "PA", if an "RGBA" palette is present, the alpha
|
|
channel from the image will be used instead of the values from the palette.
|
|
|
|
:param mode: The requested mode. See: :ref:`concept-modes`.
|
|
:param matrix: An optional conversion matrix. If given, this
|
|
should be 4- or 12-tuple containing floating point values.
|
|
:param dither: Dithering method, used when converting from
|
|
mode "RGB" to "P" or from "RGB" or "L" to "1".
|
|
Available methods are :data:`Dither.NONE` or :data:`Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG`
|
|
(default). Note that this is not used when ``matrix`` is supplied.
|
|
:param palette: Palette to use when converting from mode "RGB"
|
|
to "P". Available palettes are :data:`Palette.WEB` or
|
|
:data:`Palette.ADAPTIVE`.
|
|
:param colors: Number of colors to use for the :data:`Palette.ADAPTIVE`
|
|
palette. Defaults to 256.
|
|
:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
|
|
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
|
|
has_transparency = self.info.get("transparency") is not None
|
|
if not mode and self.mode == "P":
|
|
# determine default mode
|
|
if self.palette:
|
|
mode = self.palette.mode
|
|
else:
|
|
mode = "RGB"
|
|
if mode == "RGB" and has_transparency:
|
|
mode = "RGBA"
|
|
if not mode or (mode == self.mode and not matrix):
|
|
return self.copy()
|
|
|
|
if matrix:
|
|
# matrix conversion
|
|
if mode not in ("L", "RGB"):
|
|
msg = "illegal conversion"
|
|
raise ValueError(msg)
|
|
im = self.im.convert_matrix(mode, matrix)
|
|
new = self._new(im)
|
|
if has_transparency and self.im.bands == 3:
|
|
transparency = new.info["transparency"]
|
|
|
|
def convert_transparency(m, v):
|
|
v = m[0] * v[0] + m[1] * v[1] + m[2] * v[2] + m[3] * 0.5
|
|
return max(0, min(255, int(v)))
|
|
|
|
if mode == "L":
|
|
transparency = convert_transparency(matrix, transparency)
|
|
elif len(mode) == 3:
|
|
transparency = tuple(
|
|
convert_transparency(matrix[i * 4 : i * 4 + 4], transparency)
|
|
for i in range(0, len(transparency))
|
|
)
|
|
new.info["transparency"] = transparency
|
|
return new
|
|
|
|
if mode == "P" and self.mode == "RGBA":
|
|
return self.quantize(colors)
|
|
|
|
trns = None
|
|
delete_trns = False
|
|
# transparency handling
|
|
if has_transparency:
|
|
if (self.mode in ("1", "L", "I") and mode in ("LA", "RGBA")) or (
|
|
self.mode == "RGB" and mode == "RGBA"
|
|
):
|
|
# Use transparent conversion to promote from transparent
|
|
# color to an alpha channel.
|
|
new_im = self._new(
|
|
self.im.convert_transparent(mode, self.info["transparency"])
|
|
)
|
|
del new_im.info["transparency"]
|
|
return new_im
|
|
elif self.mode in ("L", "RGB", "P") and mode in ("L", "RGB", "P"):
|
|
t = self.info["transparency"]
|
|
if isinstance(t, bytes):
|
|
# Dragons. This can't be represented by a single color
|
|
warnings.warn(
|
|
"Palette images with Transparency expressed in bytes should be "
|
|
"converted to RGBA images"
|
|
)
|
|
delete_trns = True
|
|
else:
|
|
# get the new transparency color.
|
|
# use existing conversions
|
|
trns_im = Image()._new(core.new(self.mode, (1, 1)))
|
|
if self.mode == "P":
|
|
trns_im.putpalette(self.palette)
|
|
if isinstance(t, tuple):
|
|
err = "Couldn't allocate a palette color for transparency"
|
|
try:
|
|
t = trns_im.palette.getcolor(t, self)
|
|
except ValueError as e:
|
|
if str(e) == "cannot allocate more than 256 colors":
|
|
# If all 256 colors are in use,
|
|
# then there is no need for transparency
|
|
t = None
|
|
else:
|
|
raise ValueError(err) from e
|
|
if t is None:
|
|
trns = None
|
|
else:
|
|
trns_im.putpixel((0, 0), t)
|
|
|
|
if mode in ("L", "RGB"):
|
|
trns_im = trns_im.convert(mode)
|
|
else:
|
|
# can't just retrieve the palette number, got to do it
|
|
# after quantization.
|
|
trns_im = trns_im.convert("RGB")
|
|
trns = trns_im.getpixel((0, 0))
|
|
|
|
elif self.mode == "P" and mode in ("LA", "PA", "RGBA"):
|
|
t = self.info["transparency"]
|
|
delete_trns = True
|
|
|
|
if isinstance(t, bytes):
|
|
self.im.putpalettealphas(t)
|
|
elif isinstance(t, int):
|
|
self.im.putpalettealpha(t, 0)
|
|
else:
|
|
msg = "Transparency for P mode should be bytes or int"
|
|
raise ValueError(msg)
|
|
|
|
if mode == "P" and palette == Palette.ADAPTIVE:
|
|
im = self.im.quantize(colors)
|
|
new = self._new(im)
|
|
from . import ImagePalette
|
|
|
|
new.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette("RGB", new.im.getpalette("RGB"))
|
|
if delete_trns:
|
|
# This could possibly happen if we requantize to fewer colors.
|
|
# The transparency would be totally off in that case.
|
|
del new.info["transparency"]
|
|
if trns is not None:
|
|
try:
|
|
new.info["transparency"] = new.palette.getcolor(trns, new)
|
|
except Exception:
|
|
# if we can't make a transparent color, don't leave the old
|
|
# transparency hanging around to mess us up.
|
|
del new.info["transparency"]
|
|
warnings.warn("Couldn't allocate palette entry for transparency")
|
|
return new
|
|
|
|
if "LAB" in (self.mode, mode):
|
|
other_mode = mode if self.mode == "LAB" else self.mode
|
|
if other_mode in ("RGB", "RGBA", "RGBX"):
|
|
from . import ImageCms
|
|
|
|
srgb = ImageCms.createProfile("sRGB")
|
|
lab = ImageCms.createProfile("LAB")
|
|
profiles = [lab, srgb] if self.mode == "LAB" else [srgb, lab]
|
|
transform = ImageCms.buildTransform(
|
|
profiles[0], profiles[1], self.mode, mode
|
|
)
|
|
return transform.apply(self)
|
|
|
|
# colorspace conversion
|
|
if dither is None:
|
|
dither = Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG
|
|
|
|
try:
|
|
im = self.im.convert(mode, dither)
|
|
except ValueError:
|
|
try:
|
|
# normalize source image and try again
|
|
modebase = getmodebase(self.mode)
|
|
if modebase == self.mode:
|
|
raise
|
|
im = self.im.convert(modebase)
|
|
im = im.convert(mode, dither)
|
|
except KeyError as e:
|
|
msg = "illegal conversion"
|
|
raise ValueError(msg) from e
|
|
|
|
new_im = self._new(im)
|
|
if mode == "P" and palette != Palette.ADAPTIVE:
|
|
from . import ImagePalette
|
|
|
|
new_im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette("RGB", list(range(256)) * 3)
|
|
if delete_trns:
|
|
# crash fail if we leave a bytes transparency in an rgb/l mode.
|
|
del new_im.info["transparency"]
|
|
if trns is not None:
|
|
if new_im.mode == "P":
|
|
try:
|
|
new_im.info["transparency"] = new_im.palette.getcolor(trns, new_im)
|
|
except ValueError as e:
|
|
del new_im.info["transparency"]
|
|
if str(e) != "cannot allocate more than 256 colors":
|
|
# If all 256 colors are in use,
|
|
# then there is no need for transparency
|
|
warnings.warn(
|
|
"Couldn't allocate palette entry for transparency"
|
|
)
|
|
else:
|
|
new_im.info["transparency"] = trns
|
|
return new_im
|
|
|
|
def quantize(
|
|
self,
|
|
colors=256,
|
|
method=None,
|
|
kmeans=0,
|
|
palette=None,
|
|
dither=Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG,
|
|
):
|
|
"""
|
|
Convert the image to 'P' mode with the specified number
|
|
of colors.
|
|
|
|
:param colors: The desired number of colors, <= 256
|
|
:param method: :data:`Quantize.MEDIANCUT` (median cut),
|
|
:data:`Quantize.MAXCOVERAGE` (maximum coverage),
|
|
:data:`Quantize.FASTOCTREE` (fast octree),
|
|
:data:`Quantize.LIBIMAGEQUANT` (libimagequant; check support
|
|
using :py:func:`PIL.features.check_feature` with
|
|
``feature="libimagequant"``).
|
|
|
|
By default, :data:`Quantize.MEDIANCUT` will be used.
|
|
|
|
The exception to this is RGBA images. :data:`Quantize.MEDIANCUT`
|
|
and :data:`Quantize.MAXCOVERAGE` do not support RGBA images, so
|
|
:data:`Quantize.FASTOCTREE` is used by default instead.
|
|
:param kmeans: Integer
|
|
:param palette: Quantize to the palette of given
|
|
:py:class:`PIL.Image.Image`.
|
|
:param dither: Dithering method, used when converting from
|
|
mode "RGB" to "P" or from "RGB" or "L" to "1".
|
|
Available methods are :data:`Dither.NONE` or :data:`Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG`
|
|
(default).
|
|
:returns: A new image
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
|
|
if method is None:
|
|
# defaults:
|
|
method = Quantize.MEDIANCUT
|
|
if self.mode == "RGBA":
|
|
method = Quantize.FASTOCTREE
|
|
|
|
if self.mode == "RGBA" and method not in (
|
|
Quantize.FASTOCTREE,
|
|
Quantize.LIBIMAGEQUANT,
|
|
):
|
|
# Caller specified an invalid mode.
|
|
msg = (
|
|
"Fast Octree (method == 2) and libimagequant (method == 3) "
|
|
"are the only valid methods for quantizing RGBA images"
|
|
)
|
|
raise ValueError(msg)
|
|
|
|
if palette:
|
|
# use palette from reference image
|
|
palette.load()
|
|
if palette.mode != "P":
|
|
msg = "bad mode for palette image"
|
|
raise ValueError(msg)
|
|
if self.mode != "RGB" and self.mode != "L":
|
|
msg = "only RGB or L mode images can be quantized to a palette"
|
|
raise ValueError(msg)
|
|
im = self.im.convert("P", dither, palette.im)
|
|
new_im = self._new(im)
|
|
new_im.palette = palette.palette.copy()
|
|
return new_im
|
|
|
|
im = self._new(self.im.quantize(colors, method, kmeans))
|
|
|
|
from . import ImagePalette
|
|
|
|
mode = im.im.getpalettemode()
|
|
palette = im.im.getpalette(mode, mode)[: colors * len(mode)]
|
|
im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette(mode, palette)
|
|
|
|
return im
|
|
|
|
def copy(self):
|
|
"""
|
|
Copies this image. Use this method if you wish to paste things
|
|
into an image, but still retain the original.
|
|
|
|
:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
|
|
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
|
|
"""
|
|
self.load()
|
|
return self._new(self.im.copy())
|
|
|
|
__copy__ = copy
|
|
|
|
def crop(self, box=None):
|
|
"""
|
|
Returns a rectangular region from this image. The box is a
|
|
4-tuple defining the left, upper, right, and lower pixel
|
|
coordinate. See :ref:`coordinate-system`.
|
|
|
|
Note: Prior to Pillow 3.4.0, this was a lazy operation.
|
|
|
|
:param box: The crop rectangle, as a (left, upper, right, lower)-tuple.
|
|
:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
|
|
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
if box is None:
|
|
return self.copy()
|
|
|
|
if box[2] < box[0]:
|
|
msg = "Coordinate 'right' is less than 'left'"
|
|
raise ValueError(msg)
|
|
elif box[3] < box[1]:
|
|
msg = "Coordinate 'lower' is less than 'upper'"
|
|
raise ValueError(msg)
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
return self._new(self._crop(self.im, box))
|
|
|
|
def _crop(self, im, box):
|
|
"""
|
|
Returns a rectangular region from the core image object im.
|
|
|
|
This is equivalent to calling im.crop((x0, y0, x1, y1)), but
|
|
includes additional sanity checks.
|
|
|
|
:param im: a core image object
|
|
:param box: The crop rectangle, as a (left, upper, right, lower)-tuple.
|
|
:returns: A core image object.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
x0, y0, x1, y1 = map(int, map(round, box))
|
|
|
|
absolute_values = (abs(x1 - x0), abs(y1 - y0))
|
|
|
|
_decompression_bomb_check(absolute_values)
|
|
|
|
return im.crop((x0, y0, x1, y1))
|
|
|
|
def draft(self, mode, size):
|
|
"""
|
|
Configures the image file loader so it returns a version of the
|
|
image that as closely as possible matches the given mode and
|
|
size. For example, you can use this method to convert a color
|
|
JPEG to greyscale while loading it.
|
|
|
|
If any changes are made, returns a tuple with the chosen ``mode`` and
|
|
``box`` with coordinates of the original image within the altered one.
|
|
|
|
Note that this method modifies the :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object
|
|
in place. If the image has already been loaded, this method has no
|
|
effect.
|
|
|
|
Note: This method is not implemented for most images. It is
|
|
currently implemented only for JPEG and MPO images.
|
|
|
|
:param mode: The requested mode.
|
|
:param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
|
|
(width, height).
|
|
"""
|
|
pass
|
|
|
|
def _expand(self, xmargin, ymargin=None):
|
|
if ymargin is None:
|
|
ymargin = xmargin
|
|
self.load()
|
|
return self._new(self.im.expand(xmargin, ymargin))
|
|
|
|
def filter(self, filter):
|
|
"""
|
|
Filters this image using the given filter. For a list of
|
|
available filters, see the :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageFilter` module.
|
|
|
|
:param filter: Filter kernel.
|
|
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object."""
|
|
|
|
from . import ImageFilter
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
|
|
if isinstance(filter, Callable):
|
|
filter = filter()
|
|
if not hasattr(filter, "filter"):
|
|
msg = "filter argument should be ImageFilter.Filter instance or class"
|
|
raise TypeError(msg)
|
|
|
|
multiband = isinstance(filter, ImageFilter.MultibandFilter)
|
|
if self.im.bands == 1 or multiband:
|
|
return self._new(filter.filter(self.im))
|
|
|
|
ims = []
|
|
for c in range(self.im.bands):
|
|
ims.append(self._new(filter.filter(self.im.getband(c))))
|
|
return merge(self.mode, ims)
|
|
|
|
def getbands(self):
|
|
"""
|
|
Returns a tuple containing the name of each band in this image.
|
|
For example, ``getbands`` on an RGB image returns ("R", "G", "B").
|
|
|
|
:returns: A tuple containing band names.
|
|
:rtype: tuple
|
|
"""
|
|
return ImageMode.getmode(self.mode).bands
|
|
|
|
def getbbox(self, *, alpha_only=True):
|
|
"""
|
|
Calculates the bounding box of the non-zero regions in the
|
|
image.
|
|
|
|
:param alpha_only: Optional flag, defaulting to ``True``.
|
|
If ``True`` and the image has an alpha channel, trim transparent pixels.
|
|
Otherwise, trim pixels when all channels are zero.
|
|
Keyword-only argument.
|
|
:returns: The bounding box is returned as a 4-tuple defining the
|
|
left, upper, right, and lower pixel coordinate. See
|
|
:ref:`coordinate-system`. If the image is completely empty, this
|
|
method returns None.
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
return self.im.getbbox(alpha_only)
|
|
|
|
def getcolors(self, maxcolors=256):
|
|
"""
|
|
Returns a list of colors used in this image.
|
|
|
|
The colors will be in the image's mode. For example, an RGB image will
|
|
return a tuple of (red, green, blue) color values, and a P image will
|
|
return the index of the color in the palette.
|
|
|
|
:param maxcolors: Maximum number of colors. If this number is
|
|
exceeded, this method returns None. The default limit is
|
|
256 colors.
|
|
:returns: An unsorted list of (count, pixel) values.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
if self.mode in ("1", "L", "P"):
|
|
h = self.im.histogram()
|
|
out = []
|
|
for i in range(256):
|
|
if h[i]:
|
|
out.append((h[i], i))
|
|
if len(out) > maxcolors:
|
|
return None
|
|
return out
|
|
return self.im.getcolors(maxcolors)
|
|
|
|
def getdata(self, band=None):
|
|
"""
|
|
Returns the contents of this image as a sequence object
|
|
containing pixel values. The sequence object is flattened, so
|
|
that values for line one follow directly after the values of
|
|
line zero, and so on.
|
|
|
|
Note that the sequence object returned by this method is an
|
|
internal PIL data type, which only supports certain sequence
|
|
operations. To convert it to an ordinary sequence (e.g. for
|
|
printing), use ``list(im.getdata())``.
|
|
|
|
:param band: What band to return. The default is to return
|
|
all bands. To return a single band, pass in the index
|
|
value (e.g. 0 to get the "R" band from an "RGB" image).
|
|
:returns: A sequence-like object.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
if band is not None:
|
|
return self.im.getband(band)
|
|
return self.im # could be abused
|
|
|
|
def getextrema(self):
|
|
"""
|
|
Gets the minimum and maximum pixel values for each band in
|
|
the image.
|
|
|
|
:returns: For a single-band image, a 2-tuple containing the
|
|
minimum and maximum pixel value. For a multi-band image,
|
|
a tuple containing one 2-tuple for each band.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
if self.im.bands > 1:
|
|
extrema = []
|
|
for i in range(self.im.bands):
|
|
extrema.append(self.im.getband(i).getextrema())
|
|
return tuple(extrema)
|
|
return self.im.getextrema()
|
|
|
|
def _getxmp(self, xmp_tags):
|
|
def get_name(tag):
|
|
return tag.split("}")[1]
|
|
|
|
def get_value(element):
|
|
value = {get_name(k): v for k, v in element.attrib.items()}
|
|
children = list(element)
|
|
if children:
|
|
for child in children:
|
|
name = get_name(child.tag)
|
|
child_value = get_value(child)
|
|
if name in value:
|
|
if not isinstance(value[name], list):
|
|
value[name] = [value[name]]
|
|
value[name].append(child_value)
|
|
else:
|
|
value[name] = child_value
|
|
elif value:
|
|
if element.text:
|
|
value["text"] = element.text
|
|
else:
|
|
return element.text
|
|
return value
|
|
|
|
if ElementTree is None:
|
|
warnings.warn("XMP data cannot be read without defusedxml dependency")
|
|
return {}
|
|
else:
|
|
root = ElementTree.fromstring(xmp_tags)
|
|
return {get_name(root.tag): get_value(root)}
|
|
|
|
def getexif(self):
|
|
"""
|
|
Gets EXIF data from the image.
|
|
|
|
:returns: an :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Exif` object.
|
|
"""
|
|
if self._exif is None:
|
|
self._exif = Exif()
|
|
self._exif._loaded = False
|
|
elif self._exif._loaded:
|
|
return self._exif
|
|
self._exif._loaded = True
|
|
|
|
exif_info = self.info.get("exif")
|
|
if exif_info is None:
|
|
if "Raw profile type exif" in self.info:
|
|
exif_info = bytes.fromhex(
|
|
"".join(self.info["Raw profile type exif"].split("\n")[3:])
|
|
)
|
|
elif hasattr(self, "tag_v2"):
|
|
self._exif.bigtiff = self.tag_v2._bigtiff
|
|
self._exif.endian = self.tag_v2._endian
|
|
self._exif.load_from_fp(self.fp, self.tag_v2._offset)
|
|
if exif_info is not None:
|
|
self._exif.load(exif_info)
|
|
|
|
# XMP tags
|
|
if ExifTags.Base.Orientation not in self._exif:
|
|
xmp_tags = self.info.get("XML:com.adobe.xmp")
|
|
if xmp_tags:
|
|
match = re.search(r'tiff:Orientation(="|>)([0-9])', xmp_tags)
|
|
if match:
|
|
self._exif[ExifTags.Base.Orientation] = int(match[2])
|
|
|
|
return self._exif
|
|
|
|
def _reload_exif(self):
|
|
if self._exif is None or not self._exif._loaded:
|
|
return
|
|
self._exif._loaded = False
|
|
self.getexif()
|
|
|
|
def get_child_images(self):
|
|
child_images = []
|
|
exif = self.getexif()
|
|
ifds = []
|
|
if ExifTags.Base.SubIFDs in exif:
|
|
subifd_offsets = exif[ExifTags.Base.SubIFDs]
|
|
if subifd_offsets:
|
|
if not isinstance(subifd_offsets, tuple):
|
|
subifd_offsets = (subifd_offsets,)
|
|
for subifd_offset in subifd_offsets:
|
|
ifds.append((exif._get_ifd_dict(subifd_offset), subifd_offset))
|
|
ifd1 = exif.get_ifd(ExifTags.IFD.IFD1)
|
|
if ifd1 and ifd1.get(513):
|
|
ifds.append((ifd1, exif._info.next))
|
|
|
|
offset = None
|
|
for ifd, ifd_offset in ifds:
|
|
current_offset = self.fp.tell()
|
|
if offset is None:
|
|
offset = current_offset
|
|
|
|
fp = self.fp
|
|
thumbnail_offset = ifd.get(513)
|
|
if thumbnail_offset is not None:
|
|
try:
|
|
thumbnail_offset += self._exif_offset
|
|
except AttributeError:
|
|
pass
|
|
self.fp.seek(thumbnail_offset)
|
|
data = self.fp.read(ifd.get(514))
|
|
fp = io.BytesIO(data)
|
|
|
|
with open(fp) as im:
|
|
if thumbnail_offset is None:
|
|
im._frame_pos = [ifd_offset]
|
|
im._seek(0)
|
|
im.load()
|
|
child_images.append(im)
|
|
|
|
if offset is not None:
|
|
self.fp.seek(offset)
|
|
return child_images
|
|
|
|
def getim(self):
|
|
"""
|
|
Returns a capsule that points to the internal image memory.
|
|
|
|
:returns: A capsule object.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
return self.im.ptr
|
|
|
|
def getpalette(self, rawmode="RGB"):
|
|
"""
|
|
Returns the image palette as a list.
|
|
|
|
:param rawmode: The mode in which to return the palette. ``None`` will
|
|
return the palette in its current mode.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 9.1.0
|
|
|
|
:returns: A list of color values [r, g, b, ...], or None if the
|
|
image has no palette.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
try:
|
|
mode = self.im.getpalettemode()
|
|
except ValueError:
|
|
return None # no palette
|
|
if rawmode is None:
|
|
rawmode = mode
|
|
return list(self.im.getpalette(mode, rawmode))
|
|
|
|
def apply_transparency(self):
|
|
"""
|
|
If a P mode image has a "transparency" key in the info dictionary,
|
|
remove the key and instead apply the transparency to the palette.
|
|
Otherwise, the image is unchanged.
|
|
"""
|
|
if self.mode != "P" or "transparency" not in self.info:
|
|
return
|
|
|
|
from . import ImagePalette
|
|
|
|
palette = self.getpalette("RGBA")
|
|
transparency = self.info["transparency"]
|
|
if isinstance(transparency, bytes):
|
|
for i, alpha in enumerate(transparency):
|
|
palette[i * 4 + 3] = alpha
|
|
else:
|
|
palette[transparency * 4 + 3] = 0
|
|
self.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette("RGBA", bytes(palette))
|
|
self.palette.dirty = 1
|
|
|
|
del self.info["transparency"]
|
|
|
|
def getpixel(self, xy):
|
|
"""
|
|
Returns the pixel value at a given position.
|
|
|
|
:param xy: The coordinate, given as (x, y). See
|
|
:ref:`coordinate-system`.
|
|
:returns: The pixel value. If the image is a multi-layer image,
|
|
this method returns a tuple.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
if self.pyaccess:
|
|
return self.pyaccess.getpixel(xy)
|
|
return self.im.getpixel(xy)
|
|
|
|
def getprojection(self):
|
|
"""
|
|
Get projection to x and y axes
|
|
|
|
:returns: Two sequences, indicating where there are non-zero
|
|
pixels along the X-axis and the Y-axis, respectively.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
x, y = self.im.getprojection()
|
|
return list(x), list(y)
|
|
|
|
def histogram(self, mask=None, extrema=None):
|
|
"""
|
|
Returns a histogram for the image. The histogram is returned as a
|
|
list of pixel counts, one for each pixel value in the source
|
|
image. Counts are grouped into 256 bins for each band, even if
|
|
the image has more than 8 bits per band. If the image has more
|
|
than one band, the histograms for all bands are concatenated (for
|
|
example, the histogram for an "RGB" image contains 768 values).
|
|
|
|
A bilevel image (mode "1") is treated as a greyscale ("L") image
|
|
by this method.
|
|
|
|
If a mask is provided, the method returns a histogram for those
|
|
parts of the image where the mask image is non-zero. The mask
|
|
image must have the same size as the image, and be either a
|
|
bi-level image (mode "1") or a greyscale image ("L").
|
|
|
|
:param mask: An optional mask.
|
|
:param extrema: An optional tuple of manually-specified extrema.
|
|
:returns: A list containing pixel counts.
|
|
"""
|
|
self.load()
|
|
if mask:
|
|
mask.load()
|
|
return self.im.histogram((0, 0), mask.im)
|
|
if self.mode in ("I", "F"):
|
|
if extrema is None:
|
|
extrema = self.getextrema()
|
|
return self.im.histogram(extrema)
|
|
return self.im.histogram()
|
|
|
|
def entropy(self, mask=None, extrema=None):
|
|
"""
|
|
Calculates and returns the entropy for the image.
|
|
|
|
A bilevel image (mode "1") is treated as a greyscale ("L")
|
|
image by this method.
|
|
|
|
If a mask is provided, the method employs the histogram for
|
|
those parts of the image where the mask image is non-zero.
|
|
The mask image must have the same size as the image, and be
|
|
either a bi-level image (mode "1") or a greyscale image ("L").
|
|
|
|
:param mask: An optional mask.
|
|
:param extrema: An optional tuple of manually-specified extrema.
|
|
:returns: A float value representing the image entropy
|
|
"""
|
|
self.load()
|
|
if mask:
|
|
mask.load()
|
|
return self.im.entropy((0, 0), mask.im)
|
|
if self.mode in ("I", "F"):
|
|
if extrema is None:
|
|
extrema = self.getextrema()
|
|
return self.im.entropy(extrema)
|
|
return self.im.entropy()
|
|
|
|
def paste(self, im, box=None, mask=None):
|
|
"""
|
|
Pastes another image into this image. The box argument is either
|
|
a 2-tuple giving the upper left corner, a 4-tuple defining the
|
|
left, upper, right, and lower pixel coordinate, or None (same as
|
|
(0, 0)). See :ref:`coordinate-system`. If a 4-tuple is given, the size
|
|
of the pasted image must match the size of the region.
|
|
|
|
If the modes don't match, the pasted image is converted to the mode of
|
|
this image (see the :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.convert` method for
|
|
details).
|
|
|
|
Instead of an image, the source can be a integer or tuple
|
|
containing pixel values. The method then fills the region
|
|
with the given color. When creating RGB images, you can
|
|
also use color strings as supported by the ImageColor module.
|
|
|
|
If a mask is given, this method updates only the regions
|
|
indicated by the mask. You can use either "1", "L", "LA", "RGBA"
|
|
or "RGBa" images (if present, the alpha band is used as mask).
|
|
Where the mask is 255, the given image is copied as is. Where
|
|
the mask is 0, the current value is preserved. Intermediate
|
|
values will mix the two images together, including their alpha
|
|
channels if they have them.
|
|
|
|
See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.alpha_composite` if you want to
|
|
combine images with respect to their alpha channels.
|
|
|
|
:param im: Source image or pixel value (integer or tuple).
|
|
:param box: An optional 4-tuple giving the region to paste into.
|
|
If a 2-tuple is used instead, it's treated as the upper left
|
|
corner. If omitted or None, the source is pasted into the
|
|
upper left corner.
|
|
|
|
If an image is given as the second argument and there is no
|
|
third, the box defaults to (0, 0), and the second argument
|
|
is interpreted as a mask image.
|
|
:param mask: An optional mask image.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
if isImageType(box) and mask is None:
|
|
# abbreviated paste(im, mask) syntax
|
|
mask = box
|
|
box = None
|
|
|
|
if box is None:
|
|
box = (0, 0)
|
|
|
|
if len(box) == 2:
|
|
# upper left corner given; get size from image or mask
|
|
if isImageType(im):
|
|
size = im.size
|
|
elif isImageType(mask):
|
|
size = mask.size
|
|
else:
|
|
# FIXME: use self.size here?
|
|
msg = "cannot determine region size; use 4-item box"
|
|
raise ValueError(msg)
|
|
box += (box[0] + size[0], box[1] + size[1])
|
|
|
|
if isinstance(im, str):
|
|
from . import ImageColor
|
|
|
|
im = ImageColor.getcolor(im, self.mode)
|
|
|
|
elif isImageType(im):
|
|
im.load()
|
|
if self.mode != im.mode:
|
|
if self.mode != "RGB" or im.mode not in ("LA", "RGBA", "RGBa"):
|
|
# should use an adapter for this!
|
|
im = im.convert(self.mode)
|
|
im = im.im
|
|
|
|
self._ensure_mutable()
|
|
|
|
if mask:
|
|
mask.load()
|
|
self.im.paste(im, box, mask.im)
|
|
else:
|
|
self.im.paste(im, box)
|
|
|
|
def alpha_composite(self, im, dest=(0, 0), source=(0, 0)):
|
|
"""'In-place' analog of Image.alpha_composite. Composites an image
|
|
onto this image.
|
|
|
|
:param im: image to composite over this one
|
|
:param dest: Optional 2 tuple (left, top) specifying the upper
|
|
left corner in this (destination) image.
|
|
:param source: Optional 2 (left, top) tuple for the upper left
|
|
corner in the overlay source image, or 4 tuple (left, top, right,
|
|
bottom) for the bounds of the source rectangle
|
|
|
|
Performance Note: Not currently implemented in-place in the core layer.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
if not isinstance(source, (list, tuple)):
|
|
msg = "Source must be a tuple"
|
|
raise ValueError(msg)
|
|
if not isinstance(dest, (list, tuple)):
|
|
msg = "Destination must be a tuple"
|
|
raise ValueError(msg)
|
|
if len(source) not in (2, 4):
|
|
msg = "Source must be a 2 or 4-tuple"
|
|
raise ValueError(msg)
|
|
if not len(dest) == 2:
|
|
msg = "Destination must be a 2-tuple"
|
|
raise ValueError(msg)
|
|
if min(source) < 0:
|
|
msg = "Source must be non-negative"
|
|
raise ValueError(msg)
|
|
|
|
if len(source) == 2:
|
|
source = source + im.size
|
|
|
|
# over image, crop if it's not the whole thing.
|
|
if source == (0, 0) + im.size:
|
|
overlay = im
|
|
else:
|
|
overlay = im.crop(source)
|
|
|
|
# target for the paste
|
|
box = dest + (dest[0] + overlay.width, dest[1] + overlay.height)
|
|
|
|
# destination image. don't copy if we're using the whole image.
|
|
if box == (0, 0) + self.size:
|
|
background = self
|
|
else:
|
|
background = self.crop(box)
|
|
|
|
result = alpha_composite(background, overlay)
|
|
self.paste(result, box)
|
|
|
|
def point(self, lut, mode=None):
|
|
"""
|
|
Maps this image through a lookup table or function.
|
|
|
|
:param lut: A lookup table, containing 256 (or 65536 if
|
|
self.mode=="I" and mode == "L") values per band in the
|
|
image. A function can be used instead, it should take a
|
|
single argument. The function is called once for each
|
|
possible pixel value, and the resulting table is applied to
|
|
all bands of the image.
|
|
|
|
It may also be an :py:class:`~PIL.Image.ImagePointHandler`
|
|
object::
|
|
|
|
class Example(Image.ImagePointHandler):
|
|
def point(self, data):
|
|
# Return result
|
|
:param mode: Output mode (default is same as input). In the
|
|
current version, this can only be used if the source image
|
|
has mode "L" or "P", and the output has mode "1" or the
|
|
source image mode is "I" and the output mode is "L".
|
|
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
|
|
if isinstance(lut, ImagePointHandler):
|
|
return lut.point(self)
|
|
|
|
if callable(lut):
|
|
# if it isn't a list, it should be a function
|
|
if self.mode in ("I", "I;16", "F"):
|
|
# check if the function can be used with point_transform
|
|
# UNDONE wiredfool -- I think this prevents us from ever doing
|
|
# a gamma function point transform on > 8bit images.
|
|
scale, offset = _getscaleoffset(lut)
|
|
return self._new(self.im.point_transform(scale, offset))
|
|
# for other modes, convert the function to a table
|
|
lut = [lut(i) for i in range(256)] * self.im.bands
|
|
|
|
if self.mode == "F":
|
|
# FIXME: _imaging returns a confusing error message for this case
|
|
msg = "point operation not supported for this mode"
|
|
raise ValueError(msg)
|
|
|
|
if mode != "F":
|
|
lut = [round(i) for i in lut]
|
|
return self._new(self.im.point(lut, mode))
|
|
|
|
def putalpha(self, alpha):
|
|
"""
|
|
Adds or replaces the alpha layer in this image. If the image
|
|
does not have an alpha layer, it's converted to "LA" or "RGBA".
|
|
The new layer must be either "L" or "1".
|
|
|
|
:param alpha: The new alpha layer. This can either be an "L" or "1"
|
|
image having the same size as this image, or an integer or
|
|
other color value.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
self._ensure_mutable()
|
|
|
|
if self.mode not in ("LA", "PA", "RGBA"):
|
|
# attempt to promote self to a matching alpha mode
|
|
try:
|
|
mode = getmodebase(self.mode) + "A"
|
|
try:
|
|
self.im.setmode(mode)
|
|
except (AttributeError, ValueError) as e:
|
|
# do things the hard way
|
|
im = self.im.convert(mode)
|
|
if im.mode not in ("LA", "PA", "RGBA"):
|
|
raise ValueError from e # sanity check
|
|
self.im = im
|
|
self.pyaccess = None
|
|
self.mode = self.im.mode
|
|
except KeyError as e:
|
|
msg = "illegal image mode"
|
|
raise ValueError(msg) from e
|
|
|
|
if self.mode in ("LA", "PA"):
|
|
band = 1
|
|
else:
|
|
band = 3
|
|
|
|
if isImageType(alpha):
|
|
# alpha layer
|
|
if alpha.mode not in ("1", "L"):
|
|
msg = "illegal image mode"
|
|
raise ValueError(msg)
|
|
alpha.load()
|
|
if alpha.mode == "1":
|
|
alpha = alpha.convert("L")
|
|
else:
|
|
# constant alpha
|
|
try:
|
|
self.im.fillband(band, alpha)
|
|
except (AttributeError, ValueError):
|
|
# do things the hard way
|
|
alpha = new("L", self.size, alpha)
|
|
else:
|
|
return
|
|
|
|
self.im.putband(alpha.im, band)
|
|
|
|
def putdata(self, data, scale=1.0, offset=0.0):
|
|
"""
|
|
Copies pixel data from a flattened sequence object into the image. The
|
|
values should start at the upper left corner (0, 0), continue to the
|
|
end of the line, followed directly by the first value of the second
|
|
line, and so on. Data will be read until either the image or the
|
|
sequence ends. The scale and offset values are used to adjust the
|
|
sequence values: **pixel = value*scale + offset**.
|
|
|
|
:param data: A flattened sequence object.
|
|
:param scale: An optional scale value. The default is 1.0.
|
|
:param offset: An optional offset value. The default is 0.0.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
self._ensure_mutable()
|
|
|
|
self.im.putdata(data, scale, offset)
|
|
|
|
def putpalette(self, data, rawmode="RGB"):
|
|
"""
|
|
Attaches a palette to this image. The image must be a "P", "PA", "L"
|
|
or "LA" image.
|
|
|
|
The palette sequence must contain at most 256 colors, made up of one
|
|
integer value for each channel in the raw mode.
|
|
For example, if the raw mode is "RGB", then it can contain at most 768
|
|
values, made up of red, green and blue values for the corresponding pixel
|
|
index in the 256 colors.
|
|
If the raw mode is "RGBA", then it can contain at most 1024 values,
|
|
containing red, green, blue and alpha values.
|
|
|
|
Alternatively, an 8-bit string may be used instead of an integer sequence.
|
|
|
|
:param data: A palette sequence (either a list or a string).
|
|
:param rawmode: The raw mode of the palette. Either "RGB", "RGBA", or a mode
|
|
that can be transformed to "RGB" or "RGBA" (e.g. "R", "BGR;15", "RGBA;L").
|
|
"""
|
|
from . import ImagePalette
|
|
|
|
if self.mode not in ("L", "LA", "P", "PA"):
|
|
msg = "illegal image mode"
|
|
raise ValueError(msg)
|
|
if isinstance(data, ImagePalette.ImagePalette):
|
|
palette = ImagePalette.raw(data.rawmode, data.palette)
|
|
else:
|
|
if not isinstance(data, bytes):
|
|
data = bytes(data)
|
|
palette = ImagePalette.raw(rawmode, data)
|
|
self.mode = "PA" if "A" in self.mode else "P"
|
|
self.palette = palette
|
|
self.palette.mode = "RGB"
|
|
self.load() # install new palette
|
|
|
|
def putpixel(self, xy, value):
|
|
"""
|
|
Modifies the pixel at the given position. The color is given as
|
|
a single numerical value for single-band images, and a tuple for
|
|
multi-band images. In addition to this, RGB and RGBA tuples are
|
|
accepted for P and PA images.
|
|
|
|
Note that this method is relatively slow. For more extensive changes,
|
|
use :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.paste` or the :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageDraw`
|
|
module instead.
|
|
|
|
See:
|
|
|
|
* :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.paste`
|
|
* :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.putdata`
|
|
* :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageDraw`
|
|
|
|
:param xy: The pixel coordinate, given as (x, y). See
|
|
:ref:`coordinate-system`.
|
|
:param value: The pixel value.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
if self.readonly:
|
|
self._copy()
|
|
self.load()
|
|
|
|
if self.pyaccess:
|
|
return self.pyaccess.putpixel(xy, value)
|
|
|
|
if (
|
|
self.mode in ("P", "PA")
|
|
and isinstance(value, (list, tuple))
|
|
and len(value) in [3, 4]
|
|
):
|
|
# RGB or RGBA value for a P or PA image
|
|
if self.mode == "PA":
|
|
alpha = value[3] if len(value) == 4 else 255
|
|
value = value[:3]
|
|
value = self.palette.getcolor(value, self)
|
|
if self.mode == "PA":
|
|
value = (value, alpha)
|
|
return self.im.putpixel(xy, value)
|
|
|
|
def remap_palette(self, dest_map, source_palette=None):
|
|
"""
|
|
Rewrites the image to reorder the palette.
|
|
|
|
:param dest_map: A list of indexes into the original palette.
|
|
e.g. ``[1,0]`` would swap a two item palette, and ``list(range(256))``
|
|
is the identity transform.
|
|
:param source_palette: Bytes or None.
|
|
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
from . import ImagePalette
|
|
|
|
if self.mode not in ("L", "P"):
|
|
msg = "illegal image mode"
|
|
raise ValueError(msg)
|
|
|
|
bands = 3
|
|
palette_mode = "RGB"
|
|
if source_palette is None:
|
|
if self.mode == "P":
|
|
self.load()
|
|
palette_mode = self.im.getpalettemode()
|
|
if palette_mode == "RGBA":
|
|
bands = 4
|
|
source_palette = self.im.getpalette(palette_mode, palette_mode)
|
|
else: # L-mode
|
|
source_palette = bytearray(i // 3 for i in range(768))
|
|
|
|
palette_bytes = b""
|
|
new_positions = [0] * 256
|
|
|
|
# pick only the used colors from the palette
|
|
for i, oldPosition in enumerate(dest_map):
|
|
palette_bytes += source_palette[
|
|
oldPosition * bands : oldPosition * bands + bands
|
|
]
|
|
new_positions[oldPosition] = i
|
|
|
|
# replace the palette color id of all pixel with the new id
|
|
|
|
# Palette images are [0..255], mapped through a 1 or 3
|
|
# byte/color map. We need to remap the whole image
|
|
# from palette 1 to palette 2. New_positions is
|
|
# an array of indexes into palette 1. Palette 2 is
|
|
# palette 1 with any holes removed.
|
|
|
|
# We're going to leverage the convert mechanism to use the
|
|
# C code to remap the image from palette 1 to palette 2,
|
|
# by forcing the source image into 'L' mode and adding a
|
|
# mapping 'L' mode palette, then converting back to 'L'
|
|
# sans palette thus converting the image bytes, then
|
|
# assigning the optimized RGB palette.
|
|
|
|
# perf reference, 9500x4000 gif, w/~135 colors
|
|
# 14 sec prepatch, 1 sec postpatch with optimization forced.
|
|
|
|
mapping_palette = bytearray(new_positions)
|
|
|
|
m_im = self.copy()
|
|
m_im.mode = "P"
|
|
|
|
m_im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette(
|
|
palette_mode, palette=mapping_palette * bands
|
|
)
|
|
# possibly set palette dirty, then
|
|
# m_im.putpalette(mapping_palette, 'L') # converts to 'P'
|
|
# or just force it.
|
|
# UNDONE -- this is part of the general issue with palettes
|
|
m_im.im.putpalette(palette_mode + ";L", m_im.palette.tobytes())
|
|
|
|
m_im = m_im.convert("L")
|
|
|
|
m_im.putpalette(palette_bytes, palette_mode)
|
|
m_im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette(palette_mode, palette=palette_bytes)
|
|
|
|
if "transparency" in self.info:
|
|
try:
|
|
m_im.info["transparency"] = dest_map.index(self.info["transparency"])
|
|
except ValueError:
|
|
if "transparency" in m_im.info:
|
|
del m_im.info["transparency"]
|
|
|
|
return m_im
|
|
|
|
def _get_safe_box(self, size, resample, box):
|
|
"""Expands the box so it includes adjacent pixels
|
|
that may be used by resampling with the given resampling filter.
|
|
"""
|
|
filter_support = _filters_support[resample] - 0.5
|
|
scale_x = (box[2] - box[0]) / size[0]
|
|
scale_y = (box[3] - box[1]) / size[1]
|
|
support_x = filter_support * scale_x
|
|
support_y = filter_support * scale_y
|
|
|
|
return (
|
|
max(0, int(box[0] - support_x)),
|
|
max(0, int(box[1] - support_y)),
|
|
min(self.size[0], math.ceil(box[2] + support_x)),
|
|
min(self.size[1], math.ceil(box[3] + support_y)),
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
def resize(self, size, resample=None, box=None, reducing_gap=None):
|
|
"""
|
|
Returns a resized copy of this image.
|
|
|
|
:param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
|
|
(width, height).
|
|
:param resample: An optional resampling filter. This can be
|
|
one of :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`, :py:data:`Resampling.BOX`,
|
|
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR`, :py:data:`Resampling.HAMMING`,
|
|
:py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` or :py:data:`Resampling.LANCZOS`.
|
|
If the image has mode "1" or "P", it is always set to
|
|
:py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`. If the image mode specifies a number
|
|
of bits, such as "I;16", then the default filter is
|
|
:py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`. Otherwise, the default filter is
|
|
:py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC`. See: :ref:`concept-filters`.
|
|
:param box: An optional 4-tuple of floats providing
|
|
the source image region to be scaled.
|
|
The values must be within (0, 0, width, height) rectangle.
|
|
If omitted or None, the entire source is used.
|
|
:param reducing_gap: Apply optimization by resizing the image
|
|
in two steps. First, reducing the image by integer times
|
|
using :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.reduce`.
|
|
Second, resizing using regular resampling. The last step
|
|
changes size no less than by ``reducing_gap`` times.
|
|
``reducing_gap`` may be None (no first step is performed)
|
|
or should be greater than 1.0. The bigger ``reducing_gap``,
|
|
the closer the result to the fair resampling.
|
|
The smaller ``reducing_gap``, the faster resizing.
|
|
With ``reducing_gap`` greater or equal to 3.0, the result is
|
|
indistinguishable from fair resampling in most cases.
|
|
The default value is None (no optimization).
|
|
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
if resample is None:
|
|
type_special = ";" in self.mode
|
|
resample = Resampling.NEAREST if type_special else Resampling.BICUBIC
|
|
elif resample not in (
|
|
Resampling.NEAREST,
|
|
Resampling.BILINEAR,
|
|
Resampling.BICUBIC,
|
|
Resampling.LANCZOS,
|
|
Resampling.BOX,
|
|
Resampling.HAMMING,
|
|
):
|
|
msg = f"Unknown resampling filter ({resample})."
|
|
|
|
filters = [
|
|
f"{filter[1]} ({filter[0]})"
|
|
for filter in (
|
|
(Resampling.NEAREST, "Image.Resampling.NEAREST"),
|
|
(Resampling.LANCZOS, "Image.Resampling.LANCZOS"),
|
|
(Resampling.BILINEAR, "Image.Resampling.BILINEAR"),
|
|
(Resampling.BICUBIC, "Image.Resampling.BICUBIC"),
|
|
(Resampling.BOX, "Image.Resampling.BOX"),
|
|
(Resampling.HAMMING, "Image.Resampling.HAMMING"),
|
|
)
|
|
]
|
|
msg += " Use " + ", ".join(filters[:-1]) + " or " + filters[-1]
|
|
raise ValueError(msg)
|
|
|
|
if reducing_gap is not None and reducing_gap < 1.0:
|
|
msg = "reducing_gap must be 1.0 or greater"
|
|
raise ValueError(msg)
|
|
|
|
size = tuple(size)
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
if box is None:
|
|
box = (0, 0) + self.size
|
|
else:
|
|
box = tuple(box)
|
|
|
|
if self.size == size and box == (0, 0) + self.size:
|
|
return self.copy()
|
|
|
|
if self.mode in ("1", "P"):
|
|
resample = Resampling.NEAREST
|
|
|
|
if self.mode in ["LA", "RGBA"] and resample != Resampling.NEAREST:
|
|
im = self.convert({"LA": "La", "RGBA": "RGBa"}[self.mode])
|
|
im = im.resize(size, resample, box)
|
|
return im.convert(self.mode)
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
|
|
if reducing_gap is not None and resample != Resampling.NEAREST:
|
|
factor_x = int((box[2] - box[0]) / size[0] / reducing_gap) or 1
|
|
factor_y = int((box[3] - box[1]) / size[1] / reducing_gap) or 1
|
|
if factor_x > 1 or factor_y > 1:
|
|
reduce_box = self._get_safe_box(size, resample, box)
|
|
factor = (factor_x, factor_y)
|
|
if callable(self.reduce):
|
|
self = self.reduce(factor, box=reduce_box)
|
|
else:
|
|
self = Image.reduce(self, factor, box=reduce_box)
|
|
box = (
|
|
(box[0] - reduce_box[0]) / factor_x,
|
|
(box[1] - reduce_box[1]) / factor_y,
|
|
(box[2] - reduce_box[0]) / factor_x,
|
|
(box[3] - reduce_box[1]) / factor_y,
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
return self._new(self.im.resize(size, resample, box))
|
|
|
|
def reduce(self, factor, box=None):
|
|
"""
|
|
Returns a copy of the image reduced ``factor`` times.
|
|
If the size of the image is not dividable by ``factor``,
|
|
the resulting size will be rounded up.
|
|
|
|
:param factor: A greater than 0 integer or tuple of two integers
|
|
for width and height separately.
|
|
:param box: An optional 4-tuple of ints providing
|
|
the source image region to be reduced.
|
|
The values must be within ``(0, 0, width, height)`` rectangle.
|
|
If omitted or ``None``, the entire source is used.
|
|
"""
|
|
if not isinstance(factor, (list, tuple)):
|
|
factor = (factor, factor)
|
|
|
|
if box is None:
|
|
box = (0, 0) + self.size
|
|
else:
|
|
box = tuple(box)
|
|
|
|
if factor == (1, 1) and box == (0, 0) + self.size:
|
|
return self.copy()
|
|
|
|
if self.mode in ["LA", "RGBA"]:
|
|
im = self.convert({"LA": "La", "RGBA": "RGBa"}[self.mode])
|
|
im = im.reduce(factor, box)
|
|
return im.convert(self.mode)
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
|
|
return self._new(self.im.reduce(factor, box))
|
|
|
|
def rotate(
|
|
self,
|
|
angle,
|
|
resample=Resampling.NEAREST,
|
|
expand=0,
|
|
center=None,
|
|
translate=None,
|
|
fillcolor=None,
|
|
):
|
|
"""
|
|
Returns a rotated copy of this image. This method returns a
|
|
copy of this image, rotated the given number of degrees counter
|
|
clockwise around its centre.
|
|
|
|
:param angle: In degrees counter clockwise.
|
|
:param resample: An optional resampling filter. This can be
|
|
one of :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST` (use nearest neighbour),
|
|
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR` (linear interpolation in a 2x2
|
|
environment), or :py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` (cubic spline
|
|
interpolation in a 4x4 environment). If omitted, or if the image has
|
|
mode "1" or "P", it is set to :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`.
|
|
See :ref:`concept-filters`.
|
|
:param expand: Optional expansion flag. If true, expands the output
|
|
image to make it large enough to hold the entire rotated image.
|
|
If false or omitted, make the output image the same size as the
|
|
input image. Note that the expand flag assumes rotation around
|
|
the center and no translation.
|
|
:param center: Optional center of rotation (a 2-tuple). Origin is
|
|
the upper left corner. Default is the center of the image.
|
|
:param translate: An optional post-rotate translation (a 2-tuple).
|
|
:param fillcolor: An optional color for area outside the rotated image.
|
|
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
angle = angle % 360.0
|
|
|
|
# Fast paths regardless of filter, as long as we're not
|
|
# translating or changing the center.
|
|
if not (center or translate):
|
|
if angle == 0:
|
|
return self.copy()
|
|
if angle == 180:
|
|
return self.transpose(Transpose.ROTATE_180)
|
|
if angle in (90, 270) and (expand or self.width == self.height):
|
|
return self.transpose(
|
|
Transpose.ROTATE_90 if angle == 90 else Transpose.ROTATE_270
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
# Calculate the affine matrix. Note that this is the reverse
|
|
# transformation (from destination image to source) because we
|
|
# want to interpolate the (discrete) destination pixel from
|
|
# the local area around the (floating) source pixel.
|
|
|
|
# The matrix we actually want (note that it operates from the right):
|
|
# (1, 0, tx) (1, 0, cx) ( cos a, sin a, 0) (1, 0, -cx)
|
|
# (0, 1, ty) * (0, 1, cy) * (-sin a, cos a, 0) * (0, 1, -cy)
|
|
# (0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1) ( 0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1)
|
|
|
|
# The reverse matrix is thus:
|
|
# (1, 0, cx) ( cos -a, sin -a, 0) (1, 0, -cx) (1, 0, -tx)
|
|
# (0, 1, cy) * (-sin -a, cos -a, 0) * (0, 1, -cy) * (0, 1, -ty)
|
|
# (0, 0, 1) ( 0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1)
|
|
|
|
# In any case, the final translation may be updated at the end to
|
|
# compensate for the expand flag.
|
|
|
|
w, h = self.size
|
|
|
|
if translate is None:
|
|
post_trans = (0, 0)
|
|
else:
|
|
post_trans = translate
|
|
if center is None:
|
|
# FIXME These should be rounded to ints?
|
|
rotn_center = (w / 2.0, h / 2.0)
|
|
else:
|
|
rotn_center = center
|
|
|
|
angle = -math.radians(angle)
|
|
matrix = [
|
|
round(math.cos(angle), 15),
|
|
round(math.sin(angle), 15),
|
|
0.0,
|
|
round(-math.sin(angle), 15),
|
|
round(math.cos(angle), 15),
|
|
0.0,
|
|
]
|
|
|
|
def transform(x, y, matrix):
|
|
(a, b, c, d, e, f) = matrix
|
|
return a * x + b * y + c, d * x + e * y + f
|
|
|
|
matrix[2], matrix[5] = transform(
|
|
-rotn_center[0] - post_trans[0], -rotn_center[1] - post_trans[1], matrix
|
|
)
|
|
matrix[2] += rotn_center[0]
|
|
matrix[5] += rotn_center[1]
|
|
|
|
if expand:
|
|
# calculate output size
|
|
xx = []
|
|
yy = []
|
|
for x, y in ((0, 0), (w, 0), (w, h), (0, h)):
|
|
x, y = transform(x, y, matrix)
|
|
xx.append(x)
|
|
yy.append(y)
|
|
nw = math.ceil(max(xx)) - math.floor(min(xx))
|
|
nh = math.ceil(max(yy)) - math.floor(min(yy))
|
|
|
|
# We multiply a translation matrix from the right. Because of its
|
|
# special form, this is the same as taking the image of the
|
|
# translation vector as new translation vector.
|
|
matrix[2], matrix[5] = transform(-(nw - w) / 2.0, -(nh - h) / 2.0, matrix)
|
|
w, h = nw, nh
|
|
|
|
return self.transform(
|
|
(w, h), Transform.AFFINE, matrix, resample, fillcolor=fillcolor
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
def save(self, fp, format=None, **params):
|
|
"""
|
|
Saves this image under the given filename. If no format is
|
|
specified, the format to use is determined from the filename
|
|
extension, if possible.
|
|
|
|
Keyword options can be used to provide additional instructions
|
|
to the writer. If a writer doesn't recognise an option, it is
|
|
silently ignored. The available options are described in the
|
|
:doc:`image format documentation
|
|
<../handbook/image-file-formats>` for each writer.
|
|
|
|
You can use a file object instead of a filename. In this case,
|
|
you must always specify the format. The file object must
|
|
implement the ``seek``, ``tell``, and ``write``
|
|
methods, and be opened in binary mode.
|
|
|
|
:param fp: A filename (string), pathlib.Path object or file object.
|
|
:param format: Optional format override. If omitted, the
|
|
format to use is determined from the filename extension.
|
|
If a file object was used instead of a filename, this
|
|
parameter should always be used.
|
|
:param params: Extra parameters to the image writer.
|
|
:returns: None
|
|
:exception ValueError: If the output format could not be determined
|
|
from the file name. Use the format option to solve this.
|
|
:exception OSError: If the file could not be written. The file
|
|
may have been created, and may contain partial data.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
filename = ""
|
|
open_fp = False
|
|
if isinstance(fp, Path):
|
|
filename = str(fp)
|
|
open_fp = True
|
|
elif is_path(fp):
|
|
filename = fp
|
|
open_fp = True
|
|
elif fp == sys.stdout:
|
|
try:
|
|
fp = sys.stdout.buffer
|
|
except AttributeError:
|
|
pass
|
|
if not filename and hasattr(fp, "name") and is_path(fp.name):
|
|
# only set the name for metadata purposes
|
|
filename = fp.name
|
|
|
|
# may mutate self!
|
|
self._ensure_mutable()
|
|
|
|
save_all = params.pop("save_all", False)
|
|
self.encoderinfo = params
|
|
self.encoderconfig = ()
|
|
|
|
preinit()
|
|
|
|
ext = os.path.splitext(filename)[1].lower()
|
|
|
|
if not format:
|
|
if ext not in EXTENSION:
|
|
init()
|
|
try:
|
|
format = EXTENSION[ext]
|
|
except KeyError as e:
|
|
msg = f"unknown file extension: {ext}"
|
|
raise ValueError(msg) from e
|
|
|
|
if format.upper() not in SAVE:
|
|
init()
|
|
if save_all:
|
|
save_handler = SAVE_ALL[format.upper()]
|
|
else:
|
|
save_handler = SAVE[format.upper()]
|
|
|
|
created = False
|
|
if open_fp:
|
|
created = not os.path.exists(filename)
|
|
if params.get("append", False):
|
|
# Open also for reading ("+"), because TIFF save_all
|
|
# writer needs to go back and edit the written data.
|
|
fp = builtins.open(filename, "r+b")
|
|
else:
|
|
fp = builtins.open(filename, "w+b")
|
|
|
|
try:
|
|
save_handler(self, fp, filename)
|
|
except Exception:
|
|
if open_fp:
|
|
fp.close()
|
|
if created:
|
|
try:
|
|
os.remove(filename)
|
|
except PermissionError:
|
|
pass
|
|
raise
|
|
if open_fp:
|
|
fp.close()
|
|
|
|
def seek(self, frame):
|
|
"""
|
|
Seeks to the given frame in this sequence file. If you seek
|
|
beyond the end of the sequence, the method raises an
|
|
``EOFError`` exception. When a sequence file is opened, the
|
|
library automatically seeks to frame 0.
|
|
|
|
See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.tell`.
|
|
|
|
If defined, :attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.n_frames` refers to the
|
|
number of available frames.
|
|
|
|
:param frame: Frame number, starting at 0.
|
|
:exception EOFError: If the call attempts to seek beyond the end
|
|
of the sequence.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
# overridden by file handlers
|
|
if frame != 0:
|
|
raise EOFError
|
|
|
|
def show(self, title=None):
|
|
"""
|
|
Displays this image. This method is mainly intended for debugging purposes.
|
|
|
|
This method calls :py:func:`PIL.ImageShow.show` internally. You can use
|
|
:py:func:`PIL.ImageShow.register` to override its default behaviour.
|
|
|
|
The image is first saved to a temporary file. By default, it will be in
|
|
PNG format.
|
|
|
|
On Unix, the image is then opened using the **xdg-open**, **display**,
|
|
**gm**, **eog** or **xv** utility, depending on which one can be found.
|
|
|
|
On macOS, the image is opened with the native Preview application.
|
|
|
|
On Windows, the image is opened with the standard PNG display utility.
|
|
|
|
:param title: Optional title to use for the image window, where possible.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
_show(self, title=title)
|
|
|
|
def split(self):
|
|
"""
|
|
Split this image into individual bands. This method returns a
|
|
tuple of individual image bands from an image. For example,
|
|
splitting an "RGB" image creates three new images each
|
|
containing a copy of one of the original bands (red, green,
|
|
blue).
|
|
|
|
If you need only one band, :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.getchannel`
|
|
method can be more convenient and faster.
|
|
|
|
:returns: A tuple containing bands.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
if self.im.bands == 1:
|
|
ims = [self.copy()]
|
|
else:
|
|
ims = map(self._new, self.im.split())
|
|
return tuple(ims)
|
|
|
|
def getchannel(self, channel):
|
|
"""
|
|
Returns an image containing a single channel of the source image.
|
|
|
|
:param channel: What channel to return. Could be index
|
|
(0 for "R" channel of "RGB") or channel name
|
|
("A" for alpha channel of "RGBA").
|
|
:returns: An image in "L" mode.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 4.3.0
|
|
"""
|
|
self.load()
|
|
|
|
if isinstance(channel, str):
|
|
try:
|
|
channel = self.getbands().index(channel)
|
|
except ValueError as e:
|
|
msg = f'The image has no channel "{channel}"'
|
|
raise ValueError(msg) from e
|
|
|
|
return self._new(self.im.getband(channel))
|
|
|
|
def tell(self):
|
|
"""
|
|
Returns the current frame number. See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.seek`.
|
|
|
|
If defined, :attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.n_frames` refers to the
|
|
number of available frames.
|
|
|
|
:returns: Frame number, starting with 0.
|
|
"""
|
|
return 0
|
|
|
|
def thumbnail(self, size, resample=Resampling.BICUBIC, reducing_gap=2.0):
|
|
"""
|
|
Make this image into a thumbnail. This method modifies the
|
|
image to contain a thumbnail version of itself, no larger than
|
|
the given size. This method calculates an appropriate thumbnail
|
|
size to preserve the aspect of the image, calls the
|
|
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.draft` method to configure the file reader
|
|
(where applicable), and finally resizes the image.
|
|
|
|
Note that this function modifies the :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
|
|
object in place. If you need to use the full resolution image as well,
|
|
apply this method to a :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.copy` of the original
|
|
image.
|
|
|
|
:param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
|
|
(width, height).
|
|
:param resample: Optional resampling filter. This can be one
|
|
of :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`, :py:data:`Resampling.BOX`,
|
|
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR`, :py:data:`Resampling.HAMMING`,
|
|
:py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` or :py:data:`Resampling.LANCZOS`.
|
|
If omitted, it defaults to :py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC`.
|
|
(was :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST` prior to version 2.5.0).
|
|
See: :ref:`concept-filters`.
|
|
:param reducing_gap: Apply optimization by resizing the image
|
|
in two steps. First, reducing the image by integer times
|
|
using :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.reduce` or
|
|
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.draft` for JPEG images.
|
|
Second, resizing using regular resampling. The last step
|
|
changes size no less than by ``reducing_gap`` times.
|
|
``reducing_gap`` may be None (no first step is performed)
|
|
or should be greater than 1.0. The bigger ``reducing_gap``,
|
|
the closer the result to the fair resampling.
|
|
The smaller ``reducing_gap``, the faster resizing.
|
|
With ``reducing_gap`` greater or equal to 3.0, the result is
|
|
indistinguishable from fair resampling in most cases.
|
|
The default value is 2.0 (very close to fair resampling
|
|
while still being faster in many cases).
|
|
:returns: None
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
provided_size = tuple(map(math.floor, size))
|
|
|
|
def preserve_aspect_ratio():
|
|
def round_aspect(number, key):
|
|
return max(min(math.floor(number), math.ceil(number), key=key), 1)
|
|
|
|
x, y = provided_size
|
|
if x >= self.width and y >= self.height:
|
|
return
|
|
|
|
aspect = self.width / self.height
|
|
if x / y >= aspect:
|
|
x = round_aspect(y * aspect, key=lambda n: abs(aspect - n / y))
|
|
else:
|
|
y = round_aspect(
|
|
x / aspect, key=lambda n: 0 if n == 0 else abs(aspect - x / n)
|
|
)
|
|
return x, y
|
|
|
|
box = None
|
|
if reducing_gap is not None:
|
|
size = preserve_aspect_ratio()
|
|
if size is None:
|
|
return
|
|
|
|
res = self.draft(None, (size[0] * reducing_gap, size[1] * reducing_gap))
|
|
if res is not None:
|
|
box = res[1]
|
|
if box is None:
|
|
self.load()
|
|
|
|
# load() may have changed the size of the image
|
|
size = preserve_aspect_ratio()
|
|
if size is None:
|
|
return
|
|
|
|
if self.size != size:
|
|
im = self.resize(size, resample, box=box, reducing_gap=reducing_gap)
|
|
|
|
self.im = im.im
|
|
self._size = size
|
|
self.mode = self.im.mode
|
|
|
|
self.readonly = 0
|
|
self.pyaccess = None
|
|
|
|
# FIXME: the different transform methods need further explanation
|
|
# instead of bloating the method docs, add a separate chapter.
|
|
def transform(
|
|
self,
|
|
size,
|
|
method,
|
|
data=None,
|
|
resample=Resampling.NEAREST,
|
|
fill=1,
|
|
fillcolor=None,
|
|
):
|
|
"""
|
|
Transforms this image. This method creates a new image with the
|
|
given size, and the same mode as the original, and copies data
|
|
to the new image using the given transform.
|
|
|
|
:param size: The output size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
|
|
(width, height).
|
|
:param method: The transformation method. This is one of
|
|
:py:data:`Transform.EXTENT` (cut out a rectangular subregion),
|
|
:py:data:`Transform.AFFINE` (affine transform),
|
|
:py:data:`Transform.PERSPECTIVE` (perspective transform),
|
|
:py:data:`Transform.QUAD` (map a quadrilateral to a rectangle), or
|
|
:py:data:`Transform.MESH` (map a number of source quadrilaterals
|
|
in one operation).
|
|
|
|
It may also be an :py:class:`~PIL.Image.ImageTransformHandler`
|
|
object::
|
|
|
|
class Example(Image.ImageTransformHandler):
|
|
def transform(self, size, data, resample, fill=1):
|
|
# Return result
|
|
|
|
It may also be an object with a ``method.getdata`` method
|
|
that returns a tuple supplying new ``method`` and ``data`` values::
|
|
|
|
class Example:
|
|
def getdata(self):
|
|
method = Image.Transform.EXTENT
|
|
data = (0, 0, 100, 100)
|
|
return method, data
|
|
:param data: Extra data to the transformation method.
|
|
:param resample: Optional resampling filter. It can be one of
|
|
:py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST` (use nearest neighbour),
|
|
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR` (linear interpolation in a 2x2
|
|
environment), or :py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` (cubic spline
|
|
interpolation in a 4x4 environment). If omitted, or if the image
|
|
has mode "1" or "P", it is set to :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`.
|
|
See: :ref:`concept-filters`.
|
|
:param fill: If ``method`` is an
|
|
:py:class:`~PIL.Image.ImageTransformHandler` object, this is one of
|
|
the arguments passed to it. Otherwise, it is unused.
|
|
:param fillcolor: Optional fill color for the area outside the
|
|
transform in the output image.
|
|
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
if self.mode in ("LA", "RGBA") and resample != Resampling.NEAREST:
|
|
return (
|
|
self.convert({"LA": "La", "RGBA": "RGBa"}[self.mode])
|
|
.transform(size, method, data, resample, fill, fillcolor)
|
|
.convert(self.mode)
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
if isinstance(method, ImageTransformHandler):
|
|
return method.transform(size, self, resample=resample, fill=fill)
|
|
|
|
if hasattr(method, "getdata"):
|
|
# compatibility w. old-style transform objects
|
|
method, data = method.getdata()
|
|
|
|
if data is None:
|
|
msg = "missing method data"
|
|
raise ValueError(msg)
|
|
|
|
im = new(self.mode, size, fillcolor)
|
|
if self.mode == "P" and self.palette:
|
|
im.palette = self.palette.copy()
|
|
im.info = self.info.copy()
|
|
if method == Transform.MESH:
|
|
# list of quads
|
|
for box, quad in data:
|
|
im.__transformer(
|
|
box, self, Transform.QUAD, quad, resample, fillcolor is None
|
|
)
|
|
else:
|
|
im.__transformer(
|
|
(0, 0) + size, self, method, data, resample, fillcolor is None
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
return im
|
|
|
|
def __transformer(
|
|
self, box, image, method, data, resample=Resampling.NEAREST, fill=1
|
|
):
|
|
w = box[2] - box[0]
|
|
h = box[3] - box[1]
|
|
|
|
if method == Transform.AFFINE:
|
|
data = data[:6]
|
|
|
|
elif method == Transform.EXTENT:
|
|
# convert extent to an affine transform
|
|
x0, y0, x1, y1 = data
|
|
xs = (x1 - x0) / w
|
|
ys = (y1 - y0) / h
|
|
method = Transform.AFFINE
|
|
data = (xs, 0, x0, 0, ys, y0)
|
|
|
|
elif method == Transform.PERSPECTIVE:
|
|
data = data[:8]
|
|
|
|
elif method == Transform.QUAD:
|
|
# quadrilateral warp. data specifies the four corners
|
|
# given as NW, SW, SE, and NE.
|
|
nw = data[:2]
|
|
sw = data[2:4]
|
|
se = data[4:6]
|
|
ne = data[6:8]
|
|
x0, y0 = nw
|
|
As = 1.0 / w
|
|
At = 1.0 / h
|
|
data = (
|
|
x0,
|
|
(ne[0] - x0) * As,
|
|
(sw[0] - x0) * At,
|
|
(se[0] - sw[0] - ne[0] + x0) * As * At,
|
|
y0,
|
|
(ne[1] - y0) * As,
|
|
(sw[1] - y0) * At,
|
|
(se[1] - sw[1] - ne[1] + y0) * As * At,
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
else:
|
|
msg = "unknown transformation method"
|
|
raise ValueError(msg)
|
|
|
|
if resample not in (
|
|
Resampling.NEAREST,
|
|
Resampling.BILINEAR,
|
|
Resampling.BICUBIC,
|
|
):
|
|
if resample in (Resampling.BOX, Resampling.HAMMING, Resampling.LANCZOS):
|
|
msg = {
|
|
Resampling.BOX: "Image.Resampling.BOX",
|
|
Resampling.HAMMING: "Image.Resampling.HAMMING",
|
|
Resampling.LANCZOS: "Image.Resampling.LANCZOS",
|
|
}[resample] + f" ({resample}) cannot be used."
|
|
else:
|
|
msg = f"Unknown resampling filter ({resample})."
|
|
|
|
filters = [
|
|
f"{filter[1]} ({filter[0]})"
|
|
for filter in (
|
|
(Resampling.NEAREST, "Image.Resampling.NEAREST"),
|
|
(Resampling.BILINEAR, "Image.Resampling.BILINEAR"),
|
|
(Resampling.BICUBIC, "Image.Resampling.BICUBIC"),
|
|
)
|
|
]
|
|
msg += " Use " + ", ".join(filters[:-1]) + " or " + filters[-1]
|
|
raise ValueError(msg)
|
|
|
|
image.load()
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
|
|
if image.mode in ("1", "P"):
|
|
resample = Resampling.NEAREST
|
|
|
|
self.im.transform2(box, image.im, method, data, resample, fill)
|
|
|
|
def transpose(self, method):
|
|
"""
|
|
Transpose image (flip or rotate in 90 degree steps)
|
|
|
|
:param method: One of :py:data:`Transpose.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT`,
|
|
:py:data:`Transpose.FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM`, :py:data:`Transpose.ROTATE_90`,
|
|
:py:data:`Transpose.ROTATE_180`, :py:data:`Transpose.ROTATE_270`,
|
|
:py:data:`Transpose.TRANSPOSE` or :py:data:`Transpose.TRANSVERSE`.
|
|
:returns: Returns a flipped or rotated copy of this image.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
return self._new(self.im.transpose(method))
|
|
|
|
def effect_spread(self, distance):
|
|
"""
|
|
Randomly spread pixels in an image.
|
|
|
|
:param distance: Distance to spread pixels.
|
|
"""
|
|
self.load()
|
|
return self._new(self.im.effect_spread(distance))
|
|
|
|
def toqimage(self):
|
|
"""Returns a QImage copy of this image"""
|
|
from . import ImageQt
|
|
|
|
if not ImageQt.qt_is_installed:
|
|
msg = "Qt bindings are not installed"
|
|
raise ImportError(msg)
|
|
return ImageQt.toqimage(self)
|
|
|
|
def toqpixmap(self):
|
|
"""Returns a QPixmap copy of this image"""
|
|
from . import ImageQt
|
|
|
|
if not ImageQt.qt_is_installed:
|
|
msg = "Qt bindings are not installed"
|
|
raise ImportError(msg)
|
|
return ImageQt.toqpixmap(self)
|
|
|
|
|
|
# --------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
# Abstract handlers.
|
|
|
|
|
|
class ImagePointHandler:
|
|
"""
|
|
Used as a mixin by point transforms
|
|
(for use with :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.point`)
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
pass
|
|
|
|
|
|
class ImageTransformHandler:
|
|
"""
|
|
Used as a mixin by geometry transforms
|
|
(for use with :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.transform`)
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
pass
|
|
|
|
|
|
# --------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
# Factories
|
|
|
|
#
|
|
# Debugging
|
|
|
|
|
|
def _wedge():
|
|
"""Create greyscale wedge (for debugging only)"""
|
|
|
|
return Image()._new(core.wedge("L"))
|
|
|
|
|
|
def _check_size(size):
|
|
"""
|
|
Common check to enforce type and sanity check on size tuples
|
|
|
|
:param size: Should be a 2 tuple of (width, height)
|
|
:returns: True, or raises a ValueError
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
if not isinstance(size, (list, tuple)):
|
|
msg = "Size must be a tuple"
|
|
raise ValueError(msg)
|
|
if len(size) != 2:
|
|
msg = "Size must be a tuple of length 2"
|
|
raise ValueError(msg)
|
|
if size[0] < 0 or size[1] < 0:
|
|
msg = "Width and height must be >= 0"
|
|
raise ValueError(msg)
|
|
|
|
return True
|
|
|
|
|
|
def new(mode, size, color=0):
|
|
"""
|
|
Creates a new image with the given mode and size.
|
|
|
|
:param mode: The mode to use for the new image. See:
|
|
:ref:`concept-modes`.
|
|
:param size: A 2-tuple, containing (width, height) in pixels.
|
|
:param color: What color to use for the image. Default is black.
|
|
If given, this should be a single integer or floating point value
|
|
for single-band modes, and a tuple for multi-band modes (one value
|
|
per band). When creating RGB or HSV images, you can also use color
|
|
strings as supported by the ImageColor module. If the color is
|
|
None, the image is not initialised.
|
|
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
_check_size(size)
|
|
|
|
if color is None:
|
|
# don't initialize
|
|
return Image()._new(core.new(mode, size))
|
|
|
|
if isinstance(color, str):
|
|
# css3-style specifier
|
|
|
|
from . import ImageColor
|
|
|
|
color = ImageColor.getcolor(color, mode)
|
|
|
|
im = Image()
|
|
if mode == "P" and isinstance(color, (list, tuple)) and len(color) in [3, 4]:
|
|
# RGB or RGBA value for a P image
|
|
from . import ImagePalette
|
|
|
|
im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette()
|
|
color = im.palette.getcolor(color)
|
|
return im._new(core.fill(mode, size, color))
|
|
|
|
|
|
def frombytes(mode, size, data, decoder_name="raw", *args):
|
|
"""
|
|
Creates a copy of an image memory from pixel data in a buffer.
|
|
|
|
In its simplest form, this function takes three arguments
|
|
(mode, size, and unpacked pixel data).
|
|
|
|
You can also use any pixel decoder supported by PIL. For more
|
|
information on available decoders, see the section
|
|
:ref:`Writing Your Own File Codec <file-codecs>`.
|
|
|
|
Note that this function decodes pixel data only, not entire images.
|
|
If you have an entire image in a string, wrap it in a
|
|
:py:class:`~io.BytesIO` object, and use :py:func:`~PIL.Image.open` to load
|
|
it.
|
|
|
|
:param mode: The image mode. See: :ref:`concept-modes`.
|
|
:param size: The image size.
|
|
:param data: A byte buffer containing raw data for the given mode.
|
|
:param decoder_name: What decoder to use.
|
|
:param args: Additional parameters for the given decoder.
|
|
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
_check_size(size)
|
|
|
|
# may pass tuple instead of argument list
|
|
if len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], tuple):
|
|
args = args[0]
|
|
|
|
if decoder_name == "raw" and args == ():
|
|
args = mode
|
|
|
|
im = new(mode, size)
|
|
im.frombytes(data, decoder_name, args)
|
|
return im
|
|
|
|
|
|
def frombuffer(mode, size, data, decoder_name="raw", *args):
|
|
"""
|
|
Creates an image memory referencing pixel data in a byte buffer.
|
|
|
|
This function is similar to :py:func:`~PIL.Image.frombytes`, but uses data
|
|
in the byte buffer, where possible. This means that changes to the
|
|
original buffer object are reflected in this image). Not all modes can
|
|
share memory; supported modes include "L", "RGBX", "RGBA", and "CMYK".
|
|
|
|
Note that this function decodes pixel data only, not entire images.
|
|
If you have an entire image file in a string, wrap it in a
|
|
:py:class:`~io.BytesIO` object, and use :py:func:`~PIL.Image.open` to load it.
|
|
|
|
In the current version, the default parameters used for the "raw" decoder
|
|
differs from that used for :py:func:`~PIL.Image.frombytes`. This is a
|
|
bug, and will probably be fixed in a future release. The current release
|
|
issues a warning if you do this; to disable the warning, you should provide
|
|
the full set of parameters. See below for details.
|
|
|
|
:param mode: The image mode. See: :ref:`concept-modes`.
|
|
:param size: The image size.
|
|
:param data: A bytes or other buffer object containing raw
|
|
data for the given mode.
|
|
:param decoder_name: What decoder to use.
|
|
:param args: Additional parameters for the given decoder. For the
|
|
default encoder ("raw"), it's recommended that you provide the
|
|
full set of parameters::
|
|
|
|
frombuffer(mode, size, data, "raw", mode, 0, 1)
|
|
|
|
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 1.1.4
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
_check_size(size)
|
|
|
|
# may pass tuple instead of argument list
|
|
if len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], tuple):
|
|
args = args[0]
|
|
|
|
if decoder_name == "raw":
|
|
if args == ():
|
|
args = mode, 0, 1
|
|
if args[0] in _MAPMODES:
|
|
im = new(mode, (1, 1))
|
|
im = im._new(core.map_buffer(data, size, decoder_name, 0, args))
|
|
if mode == "P":
|
|
from . import ImagePalette
|
|
|
|
im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette("RGB", im.im.getpalette("RGB"))
|
|
im.readonly = 1
|
|
return im
|
|
|
|
return frombytes(mode, size, data, decoder_name, args)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def fromarray(obj, mode=None):
|
|
"""
|
|
Creates an image memory from an object exporting the array interface
|
|
(using the buffer protocol)::
|
|
|
|
from PIL import Image
|
|
import numpy as np
|
|
a = np.zeros((5, 5))
|
|
im = Image.fromarray(a)
|
|
|
|
If ``obj`` is not contiguous, then the ``tobytes`` method is called
|
|
and :py:func:`~PIL.Image.frombuffer` is used.
|
|
|
|
In the case of NumPy, be aware that Pillow modes do not always correspond
|
|
to NumPy dtypes. Pillow modes only offer 1-bit pixels, 8-bit pixels,
|
|
32-bit signed integer pixels, and 32-bit floating point pixels.
|
|
|
|
Pillow images can also be converted to arrays::
|
|
|
|
from PIL import Image
|
|
import numpy as np
|
|
im = Image.open("hopper.jpg")
|
|
a = np.asarray(im)
|
|
|
|
When converting Pillow images to arrays however, only pixel values are
|
|
transferred. This means that P and PA mode images will lose their palette.
|
|
|
|
:param obj: Object with array interface
|
|
:param mode: Optional mode to use when reading ``obj``. Will be determined from
|
|
type if ``None``.
|
|
|
|
This will not be used to convert the data after reading, but will be used to
|
|
change how the data is read::
|
|
|
|
from PIL import Image
|
|
import numpy as np
|
|
a = np.full((1, 1), 300)
|
|
im = Image.fromarray(a, mode="L")
|
|
im.getpixel((0, 0)) # 44
|
|
im = Image.fromarray(a, mode="RGB")
|
|
im.getpixel((0, 0)) # (44, 1, 0)
|
|
|
|
See: :ref:`concept-modes` for general information about modes.
|
|
:returns: An image object.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 1.1.6
|
|
"""
|
|
arr = obj.__array_interface__
|
|
shape = arr["shape"]
|
|
ndim = len(shape)
|
|
strides = arr.get("strides", None)
|
|
if mode is None:
|
|
try:
|
|
typekey = (1, 1) + shape[2:], arr["typestr"]
|
|
except KeyError as e:
|
|
msg = "Cannot handle this data type"
|
|
raise TypeError(msg) from e
|
|
try:
|
|
mode, rawmode = _fromarray_typemap[typekey]
|
|
except KeyError as e:
|
|
msg = "Cannot handle this data type: %s, %s" % typekey
|
|
raise TypeError(msg) from e
|
|
else:
|
|
rawmode = mode
|
|
if mode in ["1", "L", "I", "P", "F"]:
|
|
ndmax = 2
|
|
elif mode == "RGB":
|
|
ndmax = 3
|
|
else:
|
|
ndmax = 4
|
|
if ndim > ndmax:
|
|
msg = f"Too many dimensions: {ndim} > {ndmax}."
|
|
raise ValueError(msg)
|
|
|
|
size = 1 if ndim == 1 else shape[1], shape[0]
|
|
if strides is not None:
|
|
if hasattr(obj, "tobytes"):
|
|
obj = obj.tobytes()
|
|
else:
|
|
obj = obj.tostring()
|
|
|
|
return frombuffer(mode, size, obj, "raw", rawmode, 0, 1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def fromqimage(im):
|
|
"""Creates an image instance from a QImage image"""
|
|
from . import ImageQt
|
|
|
|
if not ImageQt.qt_is_installed:
|
|
msg = "Qt bindings are not installed"
|
|
raise ImportError(msg)
|
|
return ImageQt.fromqimage(im)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def fromqpixmap(im):
|
|
"""Creates an image instance from a QPixmap image"""
|
|
from . import ImageQt
|
|
|
|
if not ImageQt.qt_is_installed:
|
|
msg = "Qt bindings are not installed"
|
|
raise ImportError(msg)
|
|
return ImageQt.fromqpixmap(im)
|
|
|
|
|
|
_fromarray_typemap = {
|
|
# (shape, typestr) => mode, rawmode
|
|
# first two members of shape are set to one
|
|
((1, 1), "|b1"): ("1", "1;8"),
|
|
((1, 1), "|u1"): ("L", "L"),
|
|
((1, 1), "|i1"): ("I", "I;8"),
|
|
((1, 1), "<u2"): ("I", "I;16"),
|
|
((1, 1), ">u2"): ("I", "I;16B"),
|
|
((1, 1), "<i2"): ("I", "I;16S"),
|
|
((1, 1), ">i2"): ("I", "I;16BS"),
|
|
((1, 1), "<u4"): ("I", "I;32"),
|
|
((1, 1), ">u4"): ("I", "I;32B"),
|
|
((1, 1), "<i4"): ("I", "I;32S"),
|
|
((1, 1), ">i4"): ("I", "I;32BS"),
|
|
((1, 1), "<f4"): ("F", "F;32F"),
|
|
((1, 1), ">f4"): ("F", "F;32BF"),
|
|
((1, 1), "<f8"): ("F", "F;64F"),
|
|
((1, 1), ">f8"): ("F", "F;64BF"),
|
|
((1, 1, 2), "|u1"): ("LA", "LA"),
|
|
((1, 1, 3), "|u1"): ("RGB", "RGB"),
|
|
((1, 1, 4), "|u1"): ("RGBA", "RGBA"),
|
|
# shortcuts:
|
|
((1, 1), _ENDIAN + "i4"): ("I", "I"),
|
|
((1, 1), _ENDIAN + "f4"): ("F", "F"),
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
def _decompression_bomb_check(size):
|
|
if MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS is None:
|
|
return
|
|
|
|
pixels = max(1, size[0]) * max(1, size[1])
|
|
|
|
if pixels > 2 * MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS:
|
|
msg = (
|
|
f"Image size ({pixels} pixels) exceeds limit of {2 * MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS} "
|
|
"pixels, could be decompression bomb DOS attack."
|
|
)
|
|
raise DecompressionBombError(msg)
|
|
|
|
if pixels > MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS:
|
|
warnings.warn(
|
|
f"Image size ({pixels} pixels) exceeds limit of {MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS} pixels, "
|
|
"could be decompression bomb DOS attack.",
|
|
DecompressionBombWarning,
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def open(fp, mode="r", formats=None):
|
|
"""
|
|
Opens and identifies the given image file.
|
|
|
|
This is a lazy operation; this function identifies the file, but
|
|
the file remains open and the actual image data is not read from
|
|
the file until you try to process the data (or call the
|
|
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.load` method). See
|
|
:py:func:`~PIL.Image.new`. See :ref:`file-handling`.
|
|
|
|
:param fp: A filename (string), pathlib.Path object or a file object.
|
|
The file object must implement ``file.read``,
|
|
``file.seek``, and ``file.tell`` methods,
|
|
and be opened in binary mode. The file object will also seek to zero
|
|
before reading.
|
|
:param mode: The mode. If given, this argument must be "r".
|
|
:param formats: A list or tuple of formats to attempt to load the file in.
|
|
This can be used to restrict the set of formats checked.
|
|
Pass ``None`` to try all supported formats. You can print the set of
|
|
available formats by running ``python3 -m PIL`` or using
|
|
the :py:func:`PIL.features.pilinfo` function.
|
|
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
|
|
:exception FileNotFoundError: If the file cannot be found.
|
|
:exception PIL.UnidentifiedImageError: If the image cannot be opened and
|
|
identified.
|
|
:exception ValueError: If the ``mode`` is not "r", or if a ``StringIO``
|
|
instance is used for ``fp``.
|
|
:exception TypeError: If ``formats`` is not ``None``, a list or a tuple.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
if mode != "r":
|
|
msg = f"bad mode {repr(mode)}"
|
|
raise ValueError(msg)
|
|
elif isinstance(fp, io.StringIO):
|
|
msg = (
|
|
"StringIO cannot be used to open an image. "
|
|
"Binary data must be used instead."
|
|
)
|
|
raise ValueError(msg)
|
|
|
|
if formats is None:
|
|
formats = ID
|
|
elif not isinstance(formats, (list, tuple)):
|
|
msg = "formats must be a list or tuple"
|
|
raise TypeError(msg)
|
|
|
|
exclusive_fp = False
|
|
filename = ""
|
|
if isinstance(fp, Path):
|
|
filename = str(fp.resolve())
|
|
elif is_path(fp):
|
|
filename = fp
|
|
|
|
if filename:
|
|
fp = builtins.open(filename, "rb")
|
|
exclusive_fp = True
|
|
|
|
try:
|
|
fp.seek(0)
|
|
except (AttributeError, io.UnsupportedOperation):
|
|
fp = io.BytesIO(fp.read())
|
|
exclusive_fp = True
|
|
|
|
prefix = fp.read(16)
|
|
|
|
preinit()
|
|
|
|
accept_warnings = []
|
|
|
|
def _open_core(fp, filename, prefix, formats):
|
|
for i in formats:
|
|
i = i.upper()
|
|
if i not in OPEN:
|
|
init()
|
|
try:
|
|
factory, accept = OPEN[i]
|
|
result = not accept or accept(prefix)
|
|
if type(result) in [str, bytes]:
|
|
accept_warnings.append(result)
|
|
elif result:
|
|
fp.seek(0)
|
|
im = factory(fp, filename)
|
|
_decompression_bomb_check(im.size)
|
|
return im
|
|
except (SyntaxError, IndexError, TypeError, struct.error):
|
|
# Leave disabled by default, spams the logs with image
|
|
# opening failures that are entirely expected.
|
|
# logger.debug("", exc_info=True)
|
|
continue
|
|
except BaseException:
|
|
if exclusive_fp:
|
|
fp.close()
|
|
raise
|
|
return None
|
|
|
|
im = _open_core(fp, filename, prefix, formats)
|
|
|
|
if im is None and formats is ID:
|
|
checked_formats = formats.copy()
|
|
if init():
|
|
im = _open_core(
|
|
fp,
|
|
filename,
|
|
prefix,
|
|
tuple(format for format in formats if format not in checked_formats),
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
if im:
|
|
im._exclusive_fp = exclusive_fp
|
|
return im
|
|
|
|
if exclusive_fp:
|
|
fp.close()
|
|
for message in accept_warnings:
|
|
warnings.warn(message)
|
|
msg = "cannot identify image file %r" % (filename if filename else fp)
|
|
raise UnidentifiedImageError(msg)
|
|
|
|
|
|
#
|
|
# Image processing.
|
|
|
|
|
|
def alpha_composite(im1, im2):
|
|
"""
|
|
Alpha composite im2 over im1.
|
|
|
|
:param im1: The first image. Must have mode RGBA.
|
|
:param im2: The second image. Must have mode RGBA, and the same size as
|
|
the first image.
|
|
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
im1.load()
|
|
im2.load()
|
|
return im1._new(core.alpha_composite(im1.im, im2.im))
|
|
|
|
|
|
def blend(im1, im2, alpha):
|
|
"""
|
|
Creates a new image by interpolating between two input images, using
|
|
a constant alpha::
|
|
|
|
out = image1 * (1.0 - alpha) + image2 * alpha
|
|
|
|
:param im1: The first image.
|
|
:param im2: The second image. Must have the same mode and size as
|
|
the first image.
|
|
:param alpha: The interpolation alpha factor. If alpha is 0.0, a
|
|
copy of the first image is returned. If alpha is 1.0, a copy of
|
|
the second image is returned. There are no restrictions on the
|
|
alpha value. If necessary, the result is clipped to fit into
|
|
the allowed output range.
|
|
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
im1.load()
|
|
im2.load()
|
|
return im1._new(core.blend(im1.im, im2.im, alpha))
|
|
|
|
|
|
def composite(image1, image2, mask):
|
|
"""
|
|
Create composite image by blending images using a transparency mask.
|
|
|
|
:param image1: The first image.
|
|
:param image2: The second image. Must have the same mode and
|
|
size as the first image.
|
|
:param mask: A mask image. This image can have mode
|
|
"1", "L", or "RGBA", and must have the same size as the
|
|
other two images.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
image = image2.copy()
|
|
image.paste(image1, None, mask)
|
|
return image
|
|
|
|
|
|
def eval(image, *args):
|
|
"""
|
|
Applies the function (which should take one argument) to each pixel
|
|
in the given image. If the image has more than one band, the same
|
|
function is applied to each band. Note that the function is
|
|
evaluated once for each possible pixel value, so you cannot use
|
|
random components or other generators.
|
|
|
|
:param image: The input image.
|
|
:param function: A function object, taking one integer argument.
|
|
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
return image.point(args[0])
|
|
|
|
|
|
def merge(mode, bands):
|
|
"""
|
|
Merge a set of single band images into a new multiband image.
|
|
|
|
:param mode: The mode to use for the output image. See:
|
|
:ref:`concept-modes`.
|
|
:param bands: A sequence containing one single-band image for
|
|
each band in the output image. All bands must have the
|
|
same size.
|
|
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
if getmodebands(mode) != len(bands) or "*" in mode:
|
|
msg = "wrong number of bands"
|
|
raise ValueError(msg)
|
|
for band in bands[1:]:
|
|
if band.mode != getmodetype(mode):
|
|
msg = "mode mismatch"
|
|
raise ValueError(msg)
|
|
if band.size != bands[0].size:
|
|
msg = "size mismatch"
|
|
raise ValueError(msg)
|
|
for band in bands:
|
|
band.load()
|
|
return bands[0]._new(core.merge(mode, *[b.im for b in bands]))
|
|
|
|
|
|
# --------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
# Plugin registry
|
|
|
|
|
|
def register_open(id, factory, accept=None):
|
|
"""
|
|
Register an image file plugin. This function should not be used
|
|
in application code.
|
|
|
|
:param id: An image format identifier.
|
|
:param factory: An image file factory method.
|
|
:param accept: An optional function that can be used to quickly
|
|
reject images having another format.
|
|
"""
|
|
id = id.upper()
|
|
if id not in ID:
|
|
ID.append(id)
|
|
OPEN[id] = factory, accept
|
|
|
|
|
|
def register_mime(id, mimetype):
|
|
"""
|
|
Registers an image MIME type. This function should not be used
|
|
in application code.
|
|
|
|
:param id: An image format identifier.
|
|
:param mimetype: The image MIME type for this format.
|
|
"""
|
|
MIME[id.upper()] = mimetype
|
|
|
|
|
|
def register_save(id, driver):
|
|
"""
|
|
Registers an image save function. This function should not be
|
|
used in application code.
|
|
|
|
:param id: An image format identifier.
|
|
:param driver: A function to save images in this format.
|
|
"""
|
|
SAVE[id.upper()] = driver
|
|
|
|
|
|
def register_save_all(id, driver):
|
|
"""
|
|
Registers an image function to save all the frames
|
|
of a multiframe format. This function should not be
|
|
used in application code.
|
|
|
|
:param id: An image format identifier.
|
|
:param driver: A function to save images in this format.
|
|
"""
|
|
SAVE_ALL[id.upper()] = driver
|
|
|
|
|
|
def register_extension(id, extension):
|
|
"""
|
|
Registers an image extension. This function should not be
|
|
used in application code.
|
|
|
|
:param id: An image format identifier.
|
|
:param extension: An extension used for this format.
|
|
"""
|
|
EXTENSION[extension.lower()] = id.upper()
|
|
|
|
|
|
def register_extensions(id, extensions):
|
|
"""
|
|
Registers image extensions. This function should not be
|
|
used in application code.
|
|
|
|
:param id: An image format identifier.
|
|
:param extensions: A list of extensions used for this format.
|
|
"""
|
|
for extension in extensions:
|
|
register_extension(id, extension)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def registered_extensions():
|
|
"""
|
|
Returns a dictionary containing all file extensions belonging
|
|
to registered plugins
|
|
"""
|
|
init()
|
|
return EXTENSION
|
|
|
|
|
|
def register_decoder(name, decoder):
|
|
"""
|
|
Registers an image decoder. This function should not be
|
|
used in application code.
|
|
|
|
:param name: The name of the decoder
|
|
:param decoder: A callable(mode, args) that returns an
|
|
ImageFile.PyDecoder object
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 4.1.0
|
|
"""
|
|
DECODERS[name] = decoder
|
|
|
|
|
|
def register_encoder(name, encoder):
|
|
"""
|
|
Registers an image encoder. This function should not be
|
|
used in application code.
|
|
|
|
:param name: The name of the encoder
|
|
:param encoder: A callable(mode, args) that returns an
|
|
ImageFile.PyEncoder object
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 4.1.0
|
|
"""
|
|
ENCODERS[name] = encoder
|
|
|
|
|
|
# --------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
# Simple display support.
|
|
|
|
|
|
def _show(image, **options):
|
|
from . import ImageShow
|
|
|
|
ImageShow.show(image, **options)
|
|
|
|
|
|
# --------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
# Effects
|
|
|
|
|
|
def effect_mandelbrot(size, extent, quality):
|
|
"""
|
|
Generate a Mandelbrot set covering the given extent.
|
|
|
|
:param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
|
|
(width, height).
|
|
:param extent: The extent to cover, as a 4-tuple:
|
|
(x0, y0, x1, y1).
|
|
:param quality: Quality.
|
|
"""
|
|
return Image()._new(core.effect_mandelbrot(size, extent, quality))
|
|
|
|
|
|
def effect_noise(size, sigma):
|
|
"""
|
|
Generate Gaussian noise centered around 128.
|
|
|
|
:param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
|
|
(width, height).
|
|
:param sigma: Standard deviation of noise.
|
|
"""
|
|
return Image()._new(core.effect_noise(size, sigma))
|
|
|
|
|
|
def linear_gradient(mode):
|
|
"""
|
|
Generate 256x256 linear gradient from black to white, top to bottom.
|
|
|
|
:param mode: Input mode.
|
|
"""
|
|
return Image()._new(core.linear_gradient(mode))
|
|
|
|
|
|
def radial_gradient(mode):
|
|
"""
|
|
Generate 256x256 radial gradient from black to white, centre to edge.
|
|
|
|
:param mode: Input mode.
|
|
"""
|
|
return Image()._new(core.radial_gradient(mode))
|
|
|
|
|
|
# --------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
# Resources
|
|
|
|
|
|
def _apply_env_variables(env=None):
|
|
if env is None:
|
|
env = os.environ
|
|
|
|
for var_name, setter in [
|
|
("PILLOW_ALIGNMENT", core.set_alignment),
|
|
("PILLOW_BLOCK_SIZE", core.set_block_size),
|
|
("PILLOW_BLOCKS_MAX", core.set_blocks_max),
|
|
]:
|
|
if var_name not in env:
|
|
continue
|
|
|
|
var = env[var_name].lower()
|
|
|
|
units = 1
|
|
for postfix, mul in [("k", 1024), ("m", 1024 * 1024)]:
|
|
if var.endswith(postfix):
|
|
units = mul
|
|
var = var[: -len(postfix)]
|
|
|
|
try:
|
|
var = int(var) * units
|
|
except ValueError:
|
|
warnings.warn(f"{var_name} is not int")
|
|
continue
|
|
|
|
try:
|
|
setter(var)
|
|
except ValueError as e:
|
|
warnings.warn(f"{var_name}: {e}")
|
|
|
|
|
|
_apply_env_variables()
|
|
atexit.register(core.clear_cache)
|
|
|
|
|
|
class Exif(MutableMapping):
|
|
"""
|
|
This class provides read and write access to EXIF image data::
|
|
|
|
from PIL import Image
|
|
im = Image.open("exif.png")
|
|
exif = im.getexif() # Returns an instance of this class
|
|
|
|
Information can be read and written, iterated over or deleted::
|
|
|
|
print(exif[274]) # 1
|
|
exif[274] = 2
|
|
for k, v in exif.items():
|
|
print("Tag", k, "Value", v) # Tag 274 Value 2
|
|
del exif[274]
|
|
|
|
To access information beyond IFD0, :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Exif.get_ifd`
|
|
returns a dictionary::
|
|
|
|
from PIL import ExifTags
|
|
im = Image.open("exif_gps.jpg")
|
|
exif = im.getexif()
|
|
gps_ifd = exif.get_ifd(ExifTags.IFD.GPSInfo)
|
|
print(gps_ifd)
|
|
|
|
Other IFDs include ``ExifTags.IFD.Exif``, ``ExifTags.IFD.Makernote``,
|
|
``ExifTags.IFD.Interop`` and ``ExifTags.IFD.IFD1``.
|
|
|
|
:py:mod:`~PIL.ExifTags` also has enum classes to provide names for data::
|
|
|
|
print(exif[ExifTags.Base.Software]) # PIL
|
|
print(gps_ifd[ExifTags.GPS.GPSDateStamp]) # 1999:99:99 99:99:99
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
endian = None
|
|
bigtiff = False
|
|
|
|
def __init__(self):
|
|
self._data = {}
|
|
self._hidden_data = {}
|
|
self._ifds = {}
|
|
self._info = None
|
|
self._loaded_exif = None
|
|
|
|
def _fixup(self, value):
|
|
try:
|
|
if len(value) == 1 and isinstance(value, tuple):
|
|
return value[0]
|
|
except Exception:
|
|
pass
|
|
return value
|
|
|
|
def _fixup_dict(self, src_dict):
|
|
# Helper function
|
|
# returns a dict with any single item tuples/lists as individual values
|
|
return {k: self._fixup(v) for k, v in src_dict.items()}
|
|
|
|
def _get_ifd_dict(self, offset):
|
|
try:
|
|
# an offset pointer to the location of the nested embedded IFD.
|
|
# It should be a long, but may be corrupted.
|
|
self.fp.seek(offset)
|
|
except (KeyError, TypeError):
|
|
pass
|
|
else:
|
|
from . import TiffImagePlugin
|
|
|
|
info = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2(self.head)
|
|
info.load(self.fp)
|
|
return self._fixup_dict(info)
|
|
|
|
def _get_head(self):
|
|
version = b"\x2B" if self.bigtiff else b"\x2A"
|
|
if self.endian == "<":
|
|
head = b"II" + version + b"\x00" + o32le(8)
|
|
else:
|
|
head = b"MM\x00" + version + o32be(8)
|
|
if self.bigtiff:
|
|
head += o32le(8) if self.endian == "<" else o32be(8)
|
|
head += b"\x00\x00\x00\x00"
|
|
return head
|
|
|
|
def load(self, data):
|
|
# Extract EXIF information. This is highly experimental,
|
|
# and is likely to be replaced with something better in a future
|
|
# version.
|
|
|
|
# The EXIF record consists of a TIFF file embedded in a JPEG
|
|
# application marker (!).
|
|
if data == self._loaded_exif:
|
|
return
|
|
self._loaded_exif = data
|
|
self._data.clear()
|
|
self._hidden_data.clear()
|
|
self._ifds.clear()
|
|
if data and data.startswith(b"Exif\x00\x00"):
|
|
data = data[6:]
|
|
if not data:
|
|
self._info = None
|
|
return
|
|
|
|
self.fp = io.BytesIO(data)
|
|
self.head = self.fp.read(8)
|
|
# process dictionary
|
|
from . import TiffImagePlugin
|
|
|
|
self._info = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2(self.head)
|
|
self.endian = self._info._endian
|
|
self.fp.seek(self._info.next)
|
|
self._info.load(self.fp)
|
|
|
|
def load_from_fp(self, fp, offset=None):
|
|
self._loaded_exif = None
|
|
self._data.clear()
|
|
self._hidden_data.clear()
|
|
self._ifds.clear()
|
|
|
|
# process dictionary
|
|
from . import TiffImagePlugin
|
|
|
|
self.fp = fp
|
|
if offset is not None:
|
|
self.head = self._get_head()
|
|
else:
|
|
self.head = self.fp.read(8)
|
|
self._info = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2(self.head)
|
|
if self.endian is None:
|
|
self.endian = self._info._endian
|
|
if offset is None:
|
|
offset = self._info.next
|
|
self.fp.seek(offset)
|
|
self._info.load(self.fp)
|
|
|
|
def _get_merged_dict(self):
|
|
merged_dict = dict(self)
|
|
|
|
# get EXIF extension
|
|
if ExifTags.IFD.Exif in self:
|
|
ifd = self._get_ifd_dict(self[ExifTags.IFD.Exif])
|
|
if ifd:
|
|
merged_dict.update(ifd)
|
|
|
|
# GPS
|
|
if ExifTags.IFD.GPSInfo in self:
|
|
merged_dict[ExifTags.IFD.GPSInfo] = self._get_ifd_dict(
|
|
self[ExifTags.IFD.GPSInfo]
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
return merged_dict
|
|
|
|
def tobytes(self, offset=8):
|
|
from . import TiffImagePlugin
|
|
|
|
head = self._get_head()
|
|
ifd = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2(ifh=head)
|
|
for tag, value in self.items():
|
|
if tag in [
|
|
ExifTags.IFD.Exif,
|
|
ExifTags.IFD.GPSInfo,
|
|
] and not isinstance(value, dict):
|
|
value = self.get_ifd(tag)
|
|
if (
|
|
tag == ExifTags.IFD.Exif
|
|
and ExifTags.IFD.Interop in value
|
|
and not isinstance(value[ExifTags.IFD.Interop], dict)
|
|
):
|
|
value = value.copy()
|
|
value[ExifTags.IFD.Interop] = self.get_ifd(ExifTags.IFD.Interop)
|
|
ifd[tag] = value
|
|
return b"Exif\x00\x00" + head + ifd.tobytes(offset)
|
|
|
|
def get_ifd(self, tag):
|
|
if tag not in self._ifds:
|
|
if tag == ExifTags.IFD.IFD1:
|
|
if self._info is not None and self._info.next != 0:
|
|
self._ifds[tag] = self._get_ifd_dict(self._info.next)
|
|
elif tag in [ExifTags.IFD.Exif, ExifTags.IFD.GPSInfo]:
|
|
offset = self._hidden_data.get(tag, self.get(tag))
|
|
if offset is not None:
|
|
self._ifds[tag] = self._get_ifd_dict(offset)
|
|
elif tag in [ExifTags.IFD.Interop, ExifTags.IFD.Makernote]:
|
|
if ExifTags.IFD.Exif not in self._ifds:
|
|
self.get_ifd(ExifTags.IFD.Exif)
|
|
tag_data = self._ifds[ExifTags.IFD.Exif][tag]
|
|
if tag == ExifTags.IFD.Makernote:
|
|
from .TiffImagePlugin import ImageFileDirectory_v2
|
|
|
|
if tag_data[:8] == b"FUJIFILM":
|
|
ifd_offset = i32le(tag_data, 8)
|
|
ifd_data = tag_data[ifd_offset:]
|
|
|
|
makernote = {}
|
|
for i in range(0, struct.unpack("<H", ifd_data[:2])[0]):
|
|
ifd_tag, typ, count, data = struct.unpack(
|
|
"<HHL4s", ifd_data[i * 12 + 2 : (i + 1) * 12 + 2]
|
|
)
|
|
try:
|
|
(
|
|
unit_size,
|
|
handler,
|
|
) = ImageFileDirectory_v2._load_dispatch[typ]
|
|
except KeyError:
|
|
continue
|
|
size = count * unit_size
|
|
if size > 4:
|
|
(offset,) = struct.unpack("<L", data)
|
|
data = ifd_data[offset - 12 : offset + size - 12]
|
|
else:
|
|
data = data[:size]
|
|
|
|
if len(data) != size:
|
|
warnings.warn(
|
|
"Possibly corrupt EXIF MakerNote data. "
|
|
f"Expecting to read {size} bytes but only got "
|
|
f"{len(data)}. Skipping tag {ifd_tag}"
|
|
)
|
|
continue
|
|
|
|
if not data:
|
|
continue
|
|
|
|
makernote[ifd_tag] = handler(
|
|
ImageFileDirectory_v2(), data, False
|
|
)
|
|
self._ifds[tag] = dict(self._fixup_dict(makernote))
|
|
elif self.get(0x010F) == "Nintendo":
|
|
makernote = {}
|
|
for i in range(0, struct.unpack(">H", tag_data[:2])[0]):
|
|
ifd_tag, typ, count, data = struct.unpack(
|
|
">HHL4s", tag_data[i * 12 + 2 : (i + 1) * 12 + 2]
|
|
)
|
|
if ifd_tag == 0x1101:
|
|
# CameraInfo
|
|
(offset,) = struct.unpack(">L", data)
|
|
self.fp.seek(offset)
|
|
|
|
camerainfo = {"ModelID": self.fp.read(4)}
|
|
|
|
self.fp.read(4)
|
|
# Seconds since 2000
|
|
camerainfo["TimeStamp"] = i32le(self.fp.read(12))
|
|
|
|
self.fp.read(4)
|
|
camerainfo["InternalSerialNumber"] = self.fp.read(4)
|
|
|
|
self.fp.read(12)
|
|
parallax = self.fp.read(4)
|
|
handler = ImageFileDirectory_v2._load_dispatch[
|
|
TiffTags.FLOAT
|
|
][1]
|
|
camerainfo["Parallax"] = handler(
|
|
ImageFileDirectory_v2(), parallax, False
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
self.fp.read(4)
|
|
camerainfo["Category"] = self.fp.read(2)
|
|
|
|
makernote = {0x1101: dict(self._fixup_dict(camerainfo))}
|
|
self._ifds[tag] = makernote
|
|
else:
|
|
# Interop
|
|
self._ifds[tag] = self._get_ifd_dict(tag_data)
|
|
ifd = self._ifds.get(tag, {})
|
|
if tag == ExifTags.IFD.Exif and self._hidden_data:
|
|
ifd = {
|
|
k: v
|
|
for (k, v) in ifd.items()
|
|
if k not in (ExifTags.IFD.Interop, ExifTags.IFD.Makernote)
|
|
}
|
|
return ifd
|
|
|
|
def hide_offsets(self):
|
|
for tag in (ExifTags.IFD.Exif, ExifTags.IFD.GPSInfo):
|
|
if tag in self:
|
|
self._hidden_data[tag] = self[tag]
|
|
del self[tag]
|
|
|
|
def __str__(self):
|
|
if self._info is not None:
|
|
# Load all keys into self._data
|
|
for tag in self._info:
|
|
self[tag]
|
|
|
|
return str(self._data)
|
|
|
|
def __len__(self):
|
|
keys = set(self._data)
|
|
if self._info is not None:
|
|
keys.update(self._info)
|
|
return len(keys)
|
|
|
|
def __getitem__(self, tag):
|
|
if self._info is not None and tag not in self._data and tag in self._info:
|
|
self._data[tag] = self._fixup(self._info[tag])
|
|
del self._info[tag]
|
|
return self._data[tag]
|
|
|
|
def __contains__(self, tag):
|
|
return tag in self._data or (self._info is not None and tag in self._info)
|
|
|
|
def __setitem__(self, tag, value):
|
|
if self._info is not None and tag in self._info:
|
|
del self._info[tag]
|
|
self._data[tag] = value
|
|
|
|
def __delitem__(self, tag):
|
|
if self._info is not None and tag in self._info:
|
|
del self._info[tag]
|
|
else:
|
|
del self._data[tag]
|
|
|
|
def __iter__(self):
|
|
keys = set(self._data)
|
|
if self._info is not None:
|
|
keys.update(self._info)
|
|
return iter(keys)
|